various encoder bug fixes

assets/disk0/tvdos/bin/playtev.js

@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@ let hasSubtitle = !!(flags & 2)
 let videoFlags = seqread.readOneByte()
 let isInterlaced = !!(videoFlags & 1)
 let isNTSC = !!(videoFlags & 2)
+let isLossless = !!(videoFlags & 4)
 let unused2 = seqread.readOneByte()
 
 
@@ -427,6 +428,7 @@ serial.println(`  FPS: ${(isNTSC) ? (fps * 1000 / 1001) : fps}`)
 serial.println(`  Duration: ${totalFrames / fps}`)
 serial.println(`  Audio: ${hasAudio ? "Yes" : "No"}`)
 serial.println(`  Resolution: ${width}x${height}, ${isInterlaced ? "interlaced" : "progressive"}`)
+serial.println(`  Quality: Y=${qualityY}, Co=${qualityCo}, Cg=${qualityCg}, ${isLossless ? "lossless" : "lossy"}`)
 
 
 // DEBUG interlace raw output
@@ -665,14 +667,14 @@ try {
                         if (isInterlaced) {
                             // For interlaced: decode current frame into currentFieldAddr
                             // For display: use prevFieldAddr as current, currentFieldAddr as next
-                            graphics.tevDecode(blockDataPtr, nextFieldAddr, currentFieldAddr, width, decodingHeight, qualityY, qualityCo, qualityCg, trueFrameCount, debugMotionVectors, version, enableDeblocking, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding)
+                            graphics.tevDecode(blockDataPtr, nextFieldAddr, currentFieldAddr, width, decodingHeight, qualityY, qualityCo, qualityCg, trueFrameCount, debugMotionVectors, version, enableDeblocking, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding, isLossless)
                             graphics.tevDeinterlace(trueFrameCount, width, decodingHeight, prevFieldAddr, currentFieldAddr, nextFieldAddr, CURRENT_RGB_ADDR, deinterlaceAlgorithm)
 
                             // Rotate field buffers for next frame: NEXT -> CURRENT -> PREV
                             rotateFieldBuffers()
                         } else {
                             // Progressive or first frame: normal decoding without temporal prediction
-                            graphics.tevDecode(blockDataPtr, CURRENT_RGB_ADDR, PREV_RGB_ADDR, width, decodingHeight, qualityY, qualityCo, qualityCg, trueFrameCount, debugMotionVectors, version, enableDeblocking, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding)
+                            graphics.tevDecode(blockDataPtr, CURRENT_RGB_ADDR, PREV_RGB_ADDR, width, decodingHeight, qualityY, qualityCo, qualityCg, trueFrameCount, debugMotionVectors, version, enableDeblocking, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding, isLossless)
                         }
 
                         decodeTime = (sys.nanoTime() - decodeStart) / 1000000.0  // Convert to milliseconds

tsvm_core/src/net/torvald/tsvm/GraphicsJSR223Delegate.kt

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import net.torvald.terrarum.modulecomputers.virtualcomputer.tvd.toUint
 import net.torvald.tsvm.peripheral.GraphicsAdapter
 import net.torvald.tsvm.peripheral.PeriBase
 import net.torvald.tsvm.peripheral.fmod
+import net.torvald.util.Float16
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
@@ -21,6 +22,77 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
     private val idct16TempBuffer = FloatArray(256) // For 16x16 IDCT
     private val idct16SeparableBuffer = FloatArray(256) // For separable 16x16 IDCT
     
+    // Lossless IDCT functions for float16 coefficients (no quantization)
+    private fun tevIdct8x8_lossless(coeffs: FloatArray): IntArray {
+        val result = IntArray(64)
+        
+        // Fast separable IDCT (row-column decomposition) for lossless coefficients
+        // First pass: Process rows (8 1D IDCTs)
+        for (row in 0 until 8) {
+            for (col in 0 until 8) {
+                var sum = 0f
+                for (u in 0 until 8) {
+                    sum += dctBasis8[u][col] * coeffs[row * 8 + u]
+                }
+                idct8TempBuffer[row * 8 + col] = sum * 0.5f
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Second pass: Process columns (8 1D IDCTs)
+        for (col in 0 until 8) {
+            for (row in 0 until 8) {
+                var sum = 0f
+                for (v in 0 until 8) {
+                    sum += dctBasis8[v][row] * idct8TempBuffer[v * 8 + col]
+                }
+                val finalValue = sum * 0.5f + 128f
+                result[row * 8 + col] = if (finalValue.isNaN() || finalValue.isInfinite()) {
+                    println("NaN/Inf detected in 8x8 IDCT at ($row,$col): sum=$sum, finalValue=$finalValue")
+                    128 // Default to middle gray
+                } else {
+                    finalValue.roundToInt().coerceIn(0, 255)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return result
+    }
+    
+    private fun tevIdct16x16_lossless(coeffs: FloatArray): IntArray {
+        val result = IntArray(256)
+        
+        // Fast separable IDCT (row-column decomposition) for 16x16 lossless coefficients  
+        // First pass: Process rows (16 1D IDCTs)
+        for (row in 0 until 16) {
+            for (col in 0 until 16) {
+                var sum = 0f
+                for (u in 0 until 16) {
+                    sum += dctBasis16[u][col] * coeffs[row * 16 + u]
+                }
+                idct16TempBuffer[row * 16 + col] = sum * 0.25f
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Second pass: Process columns (16 1D IDCTs)
+        for (col in 0 until 16) {
+            for (row in 0 until 16) {
+                var sum = 0f
+                for (v in 0 until 16) {
+                    sum += dctBasis16[v][row] * idct16TempBuffer[v * 16 + col]
+                }
+                val finalValue = sum * 0.25f + 128f
+                result[row * 16 + col] = if (finalValue.isNaN() || finalValue.isInfinite()) {
+                    println("NaN/Inf detected in 16x16 IDCT at ($row,$col): sum=$sum, finalValue=$finalValue")
+                    128 // Default to middle gray
+                } else {
+                    finalValue.roundToInt().coerceIn(0, 255)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return result
+    }
+    
 
     private fun getFirstGPU(): GraphicsAdapter? {
         return vm.findPeribyType(VM.PERITYPE_GPU_AND_TERM)?.peripheral as? GraphicsAdapter
@@ -1649,7 +1721,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
         val result = IntArray(64)
         // Reuse preallocated temp buffer to reduce GC pressure
         for (i in coeffs.indices) {
-            idct8TempBuffer[i] = coeffs[i] * quantTable[i] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)
+            idct8TempBuffer[i] = coeffs[i] * (quantTable[i] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)).coerceIn(1f, 255f)
         }
 
         // Fast separable IDCT (row-column decomposition)
@@ -1662,7 +1734,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                     val coeff = if (isChromaResidual && coeffIdx == 0) {
                         coeffs[coeffIdx].toFloat() // DC lossless for chroma residual
                     } else {
-                        coeffs[coeffIdx] * quantTable[coeffIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)
+                        coeffs[coeffIdx] * (quantTable[coeffIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)).coerceIn(1f, 255f)
                     }
                     sum += dctBasis8[u][col] * coeff
                 }
@@ -1708,7 +1780,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                 val coeff = if (idx == 0) {
                     coeffs[idx].toFloat() // DC lossless for luma
                 } else {
-                    coeffs[idx] * quantTable[idx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)
+                    coeffs[idx] * (quantTable[idx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qualityIndex * rateControlFactor)).coerceIn(1f, 255f)
                 }
                 idct16TempBuffer[idx] = coeff
             }
@@ -2555,7 +2627,8 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
     fun tevDecode(blockDataPtr: Long, currentRGBAddr: Long, prevRGBAddr: Long,
                   width: Int, height: Int, qY: Int, qCo: Int, qCg: Int, frameCounter: Int,
                   debugMotionVectors: Boolean = false, tevVersion: Int = 2,
-                  enableDeblocking: Boolean = true, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding: Boolean = false) {
+                  enableDeblocking: Boolean = true, enableBoundaryAwareDecoding: Boolean = false,
+                  isLossless: Boolean = false) {
 
         // height doesn't change when interlaced, because that's the encoder's output
 
@@ -2846,17 +2919,65 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                         }
 
                         0x01 -> { // TEV_MODE_INTRA - Full YCoCg-R DCT decode (no motion compensation)
-                            // Read DCT coefficients: Y (16x16=256), Co (8x8=64), Cg (8x8=64)
+                            val yBlock: IntArray
+                            val coBlock: IntArray  
+                            val cgBlock: IntArray
+                            
+                            if (isLossless) {
+                                // Lossless mode: coefficients are stored as float16, no quantization
+                                // Read float16 coefficients: Y (16x16=256), Co (8x8=64), Cg (8x8=64)
+                                val coeffFloat16Array = ShortArray(384) // 384 float16 values stored as shorts
+                                vm.bulkPeekShort(readPtr.toInt(), coeffFloat16Array, 768) // 384 * 2 bytes
+                                readPtr += 768
+                                
+                                // Convert float16 to float32 and perform IDCT directly (no quantization)
+                                println("DEBUG: Reading lossless coefficients, first few float16 values: ${coeffFloat16Array.take(10).map { "0x${it.toString(16)}" }}")
+                                val yCoeffs = FloatArray(256) { i ->
+                                    // Convert signed short to unsigned short for float16 interpretation
+                                    val signedShort = coeffFloat16Array[i]
+                                    val float16bits = signedShort.toInt() and 0xFFFF  // Convert to unsigned
+                                    val floatVal = Float16.toFloat(float16bits.toShort())
+                                    if (floatVal.isNaN() || floatVal.isInfinite()) {
+                                        println("NaN/Inf detected at Y coefficient $i: signedShort=0x${signedShort.toString(16)}, unsigned=0x${float16bits.toString(16)}, floatVal=$floatVal")
+                                        0f // Replace NaN with 0
+                                    } else floatVal
+                                }
+                                val coCoeffs = FloatArray(64) { i ->
+                                    // Convert signed short to unsigned short for float16 interpretation
+                                    val signedShort = coeffFloat16Array[256 + i]
+                                    val float16bits = signedShort.toInt() and 0xFFFF  // Convert to unsigned
+                                    val floatVal = Float16.toFloat(float16bits.toShort())
+                                    if (floatVal.isNaN() || floatVal.isInfinite()) {
+                                        println("NaN/Inf detected at Co coefficient $i: signedShort=0x${signedShort.toString(16)}, unsigned=0x${float16bits.toString(16)}, floatVal=$floatVal")
+                                        0f // Replace NaN with 0
+                                    } else floatVal
+                                }
+                                val cgCoeffs = FloatArray(64) { i ->
+                                    // Convert signed short to unsigned short for float16 interpretation
+                                    val signedShort = coeffFloat16Array[320 + i]
+                                    val float16bits = signedShort.toInt() and 0xFFFF  // Convert to unsigned
+                                    val floatVal = Float16.toFloat(float16bits.toShort())
+                                    if (floatVal.isNaN() || floatVal.isInfinite()) {
+                                        println("NaN/Inf detected at Cg coefficient $i: signedShort=0x${signedShort.toString(16)}, unsigned=0x${float16bits.toString(16)}, floatVal=$floatVal")
+                                        0f // Replace NaN with 0
+                                    } else floatVal
+                                }
+                                
+                                yBlock = tevIdct16x16_lossless(yCoeffs)
+                                coBlock = tevIdct8x8_lossless(coCoeffs)
+                                cgBlock = tevIdct8x8_lossless(cgCoeffs)
+                            } else {
+                                // Regular lossy mode: quantized int16 coefficients
+                                // Optimized bulk reading of all DCT coefficients: Y(256×2) + Co(64×2) + Cg(64×2) = 768 bytes
+                                val coeffShortArray = ShortArray(384) // Total coefficients: 256 + 64 + 64 = 384 shorts
+                                vm.bulkPeekShort(readPtr.toInt(), coeffShortArray, 768)
+                                readPtr += 768
 
-                            // Optimized bulk reading of all DCT coefficients: Y(256×2) + Co(64×2) + Cg(64×2) = 768 bytes
+                                // Perform hardware IDCT for each channel using fast algorithm
-                            val coeffShortArray = ShortArray(384) // Total coefficients: 256 + 64 + 64 = 384 shorts
+                                yBlock = tevIdct16x16_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(0 until 256), QUANT_TABLE_Y, qY, rateControlFactor)
-                            vm.bulkPeekShort(readPtr.toInt(), coeffShortArray, 768)
+                                coBlock = tevIdct8x8_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(256 until 320), QUANT_TABLE_C, true, qCo, rateControlFactor)
-                            readPtr += 768
+                                cgBlock = tevIdct8x8_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(320 until 384), QUANT_TABLE_C, true, qCg, rateControlFactor)
-
+                            }
-                            // Perform hardware IDCT for each channel using fast algorithm
-                            val yBlock = tevIdct16x16_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(0 until 256), QUANT_TABLE_Y, qY, rateControlFactor)
-                            val coBlock = tevIdct8x8_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(256 until 320), QUANT_TABLE_C, true, qCo, rateControlFactor)
-                            val cgBlock = tevIdct8x8_fast(coeffShortArray.sliceArray(320 until 384), QUANT_TABLE_C, true, qCg, rateControlFactor)
 
                             // Convert to RGB (YCoCg-R for v2, XYB for v3)
                             val rgbData = if (tevVersion == 3) {
@@ -3275,7 +3396,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                     val quantValue = if (i == 0) 1.0f else {
                         quantTable[coeffIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qScale * rateControlFactor)
                     }
-                    result[blockIndex]!![i] = block[i] * quantValue
+                    result[blockIndex]!![i] = block[i] * quantValue.coerceIn(1f, 255f)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -3307,7 +3428,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                 
                 for (i in 1 until coeffsSize) {
                     val coeffIdx = i.coerceIn(0, quantTable.size - 1)
-                    val quant = (quantTable[coeffIdx] * qualityMult).toInt()
+                    val quant = (quantTable[coeffIdx] * qualityMult).coerceIn(1f, 255f).toInt()
                     quantValues[blockIndex][i] = quant
                     quantHalfValues[blockIndex][i] = quant / 2
                 }
@@ -3511,7 +3632,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
         val rightOff = blocksOff[rightBlockIndex]
         
         // OPTIMIZATION 4: Process multiple frequencies in single loop for better cache locality
-        for (v in 0 until 16) { // Only low-to-mid frequencies
+        for (v in 0 until 8) { // Only low-to-mid frequencies
             var deltaV = 0L
             var hfPenalty = 0L
             val vOffset = v * 16
@@ -3667,7 +3788,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                         blocksMid[blockIndex][i] = dcValue
                     } else {
                         // AC coefficients: use quantization intervals
-                        val quant = (quantTable[quantIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qScale * rateControlFactor)).toInt()
+                        val quant = (quantTable[quantIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qScale * rateControlFactor)).coerceIn(1f, 255f).toInt()
 
                         // Standard dequantized value (midpoint)
                         blocksMid[blockIndex][i] = block[i].toInt() * quant
@@ -3719,7 +3840,7 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
                         blocksMax[blockIndex][i] = dcValue
                     } else {
                         // AC coefficients: use quantization intervals
-                        val quant = (quantTable[quantIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qScale * rateControlFactor)).toInt()
+                        val quant = (quantTable[quantIdx] * jpeg_quality_to_mult(qScale * rateControlFactor)).coerceIn(1f, 255f).toInt()
                         
                         // Standard dequantized value (midpoint)
                         blocksMid[blockIndex][i] = block[i].toInt() * quant
@@ -3789,73 +3910,116 @@ class GraphicsJSR223Delegate(private val vm: VM) {
         return result
     }
 
+    // BULK OPTIMIZED 8x8 horizontal boundary analysis for chroma channels
     private fun analyzeHorizontalBoundary(
         leftBlockIndex: Int, rightBlockIndex: Int,
         blocksMid: Array<IntArray>, blocksOff: Array<LongArray>,
         kLinearGradient: IntArray, kAlphaSqrt2: IntArray
     ) {
-        // Only process low-to-mid frequencies (v < 4 for 8x8, v < 8 for 16x16)
+        val leftMid = blocksMid[leftBlockIndex]
-        val maxV = 8
+        val rightMid = blocksMid[rightBlockIndex]
+        val leftOff = blocksOff[leftBlockIndex]
+        val rightOff = blocksOff[rightBlockIndex]
         
-        for (v in 0 until maxV) {
+        // OPTIMIZATION 12: Process 8x8 boundaries with bulk operations (v < 4 for low-to-mid frequencies)
+        for (v in 0 until 4) { // Only low-to-mid frequencies for 8x8
             var deltaV = 0L
             var hfPenalty = 0L
+            val vOffset = v * 8
             
-            // Analyze boundary discontinuity 
+            // First pass: Calculate boundary discontinuity
             for (u in 0 until 8) {
-                val alpha = kAlphaSqrt2[u.coerceIn(0, 7)]
+                val idx = vOffset + u
-                val sign = if (u and 1 == 1) -1 else 1
+                val alpha = kAlphaSqrt2[u] // Direct access (u < 8)
-                val gi = blocksMid[leftBlockIndex][v * 8 + u]
+                val sign = if (u and 1 != 0) -1 else 1
-                val gj = blocksMid[rightBlockIndex][v * 8 + u]
+                val gi = leftMid[idx]
+                val gj = rightMid[idx]
                 
-                deltaV += (alpha * (gj - sign * gi)).toLong()
+                deltaV += alpha * (gj - sign * gi)
-                hfPenalty += (u * u * (gi * gi + gj * gj)).toLong()
+                hfPenalty += (u * u) * (gi * gi + gj * gj)
             }
             
-            // Apply corrections with high-frequency damping
+            // Early exit for very small adjustments
-            if (hfPenalty > 400) deltaV /= 2
+            if (kotlin.math.abs(deltaV) < 100) continue
             
-            for (u in 0 until 8) {
+            // Apply high-frequency damping once per frequency band
-                val gradientIdx = u.coerceIn(0, kLinearGradient.size - 1)
+            if (hfPenalty > 400) deltaV /= 2 // 8x8 threshold
-                val sign = if (u and 1 == 1) 1 else -1
+            
-                blocksOff[leftBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] = blocksOff[leftBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] + deltaV * kLinearGradient[gradientIdx]
+            // Second pass: Apply corrections (BULK OPTIMIZED with unrolling for 8x8)
-                blocksOff[rightBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] = blocksOff[rightBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] + deltaV * kLinearGradient[gradientIdx] * sign
+            val correction = deltaV
-            }
+            // Bulk apply corrections for 8 coefficients - manually unrolled for performance
+            leftOff[vOffset] += correction * kLinearGradient[0]
+            rightOff[vOffset] += correction * kLinearGradient[0]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 1] += correction * kLinearGradient[1]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 1] -= correction * kLinearGradient[1] // Alternating signs
+            leftOff[vOffset + 2] += correction * kLinearGradient[2]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 2] += correction * kLinearGradient[2]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 3] += correction * kLinearGradient[3]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 3] -= correction * kLinearGradient[3]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 4] += correction * kLinearGradient[4]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 4] += correction * kLinearGradient[4]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 5] += correction * kLinearGradient[5]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 5] -= correction * kLinearGradient[5]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 6] += correction * kLinearGradient[6]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 6] += correction * kLinearGradient[6]
+            leftOff[vOffset + 7] += correction * kLinearGradient[7]
+            rightOff[vOffset + 7] -= correction * kLinearGradient[7]
         }
     }
     
+    // BULK OPTIMIZED 8x8 vertical boundary analysis for chroma channels
     private fun analyzeVerticalBoundary(
         topBlockIndex: Int, bottomBlockIndex: Int,
         blocksMid: Array<IntArray>, blocksOff: Array<LongArray>, 
         kLinearGradient: IntArray, kAlphaSqrt2: IntArray
     ) {
-        // Only process low-to-mid frequencies (u < 4 for 8x8, u < 8 for 16x16)
+        val topMid = blocksMid[topBlockIndex]
-        val maxU = 8
+        val bottomMid = blocksMid[bottomBlockIndex]
+        val topOff = blocksOff[topBlockIndex]
+        val bottomOff = blocksOff[bottomBlockIndex]
         
-        for (u in 0 until maxU) {
+        // OPTIMIZATION 13: Optimized vertical analysis for 8x8 with better cache access pattern
+        for (u in 0 until 4) { // Only low-to-mid frequencies for 8x8
             var deltaU = 0L
             var hfPenalty = 0L
             
-            // Analyze boundary discontinuity
+            // First pass: Calculate boundary discontinuity
             for (v in 0 until 8) {
-                val alpha = kAlphaSqrt2[v.coerceIn(0, 7)]
+                val idx = v * 8 + u
-                val sign = if (v and 1 == 1) -1 else 1
+                val alpha = kAlphaSqrt2[v] // Direct access (v < 8)
-                val gi = blocksMid[topBlockIndex][v * 8 + u]
+                val sign = if (v and 1 != 0) -1 else 1
-                val gj = blocksMid[bottomBlockIndex][v * 8 + u]
+                val gi = topMid[idx]
+                val gj = bottomMid[idx]
                 
-                deltaU += (alpha * (gj - sign * gi)).toLong()
+                deltaU += alpha * (gj - sign * gi)
-                hfPenalty += (v * v * (gi * gi + gj * gj)).toLong()
+                hfPenalty += (v * v) * (gi * gi + gj * gj)
             }
             
-            // Apply corrections with high-frequency damping
+            // Early exit for very small adjustments
-            if (hfPenalty > 400) deltaU /= 2
+            if (kotlin.math.abs(deltaU) < 100) continue
             
-            for (v in 0 until 8) {
+            // Apply high-frequency damping once per frequency band
-                val gradientIdx = v.coerceIn(0, kLinearGradient.size - 1)
+            if (hfPenalty > 400) deltaU /= 2 // 8x8 threshold
-                val sign = if (v and 1 == 1) 1 else -1
+            
-                blocksOff[topBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] = blocksOff[topBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] + deltaU * kLinearGradient[gradientIdx]
+            // Second pass: Apply corrections (BULK OPTIMIZED vertical for 8x8)
-                blocksOff[bottomBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] = blocksOff[bottomBlockIndex][v * 8 + u] + deltaU * kLinearGradient[gradientIdx] * sign
+            val correction = deltaU
-            }
+            // Bulk apply corrections for 8 vertical coefficients - manually unrolled
+            topOff[u] += correction * kLinearGradient[0]
+            bottomOff[u] += correction * kLinearGradient[0]
+            topOff[8 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[1]
+            bottomOff[8 + u] -= correction * kLinearGradient[1] // Alternating signs
+            topOff[16 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[2]
+            bottomOff[16 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[2]
+            topOff[24 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[3]
+            bottomOff[24 + u] -= correction * kLinearGradient[3]
+            topOff[32 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[4]
+            bottomOff[32 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[4]
+            topOff[40 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[5]
+            bottomOff[40 + u] -= correction * kLinearGradient[5]
+            topOff[48 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[6]
+            bottomOff[48 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[6]
+            topOff[56 + u] += correction * kLinearGradient[7]
+            bottomOff[56 + u] -= correction * kLinearGradient[7]
         }
     }
 

tsvm_core/src/net/torvald/util/Float16.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package net.torvald.util
+
+import kotlin.experimental.or
+
+class Float16() {
+
+    var bits = 0.toShort()
+        private set
+
+    constructor(fval: Float) : this() {
+        fromFloat(fval)
+    }
+
+    fun toFloat() = Float16.toFloat(bits)
+    fun fromFloat(fval: Float) {
+        bits = Float16.fromFloat(fval)
+    }
+
+
+    operator fun times(other: Float) = fromFloat(this.toFloat() * other)
+    operator fun times(other: Float16) = fromFloat(this.toFloat() * other.toFloat())
+
+    operator fun div(other: Float) = fromFloat(this.toFloat() / other)
+    operator fun div(other: Float16) = fromFloat(this.toFloat() / other.toFloat())
+
+    // operators are stripped: you don't calculate from FP16; this is only for storing values //
+
+    companion object {
+        fun toFloat(hbits: Short): Float {
+            val hbits = hbits.toInt().and(0xFFFF)
+
+            var mant = hbits and 0x03ff            // 10 bits mantissa
+            var exp = hbits and 0x7c00            // 5 bits exponent
+            if (exp == 0x7c00)
+            // NaN/Inf
+                exp = 0x3fc00                    // -> NaN/Inf
+            else if (exp != 0)
+            // normalized value
+            {
+                exp += 0x1c000                   // exp - 15 + 127
+                if (mant == 0 && exp > 0x1c400)
+                // smooth transition
+                    return java.lang.Float.intBitsToFloat(hbits and 0x8000 shl 16 or (exp shl 13) or 0x3ff)
+            }
+            else if (mant != 0)
+            // && exp==0 -> subnormal
+            {
+                exp = 0x1c400                    // make it normal
+                do {
+                    mant = mant shl 1                   // mantissa * 2
+                    exp -= 0x400                 // decrease exp by 1
+                } while (mant and 0x400 == 0) // while not normal
+                mant = mant and 0x3ff                    // discard subnormal bit
+            }                                     // else +/-0 -> +/-0
+            return java.lang.Float.intBitsToFloat(// combine all parts
+                    hbits and 0x8000 shl 16 or (exp or mant shl 13))         // value << ( 23 - 10 )
+        }
+
+        fun fromFloat(fval: Float): Short {
+            val fbits = java.lang.Float.floatToIntBits(fval)
+            val sign = fbits.ushr(16).and(0x8000).toShort() // sign only
+            var `val` = (fbits and 0x7fffffff) + 0x1000 // rounded value
+
+            if (`val` >= 0x47800000)
+            // might be or become NaN/Inf
+            {                                     // avoid Inf due to rounding
+                if (fbits and 0x7fffffff >= 0x47800000) {                                 // is or must become NaN/Inf
+                    if (`val` < 0x7f800000)
+                    // was value but too large
+                        return sign or 0x7c00 // make it +/-Inf
+                    return sign or 0x7c00 or // remains +/-Inf or NaN
+                            (fbits and 0x007fffff).ushr(13).toShort() // keep NaN (and Inf) bits
+                }
+                return sign or 0x7bff.toShort() // unrounded not quite Inf
+            }
+            if (`val` >= 0x38800000)
+            // remains normalized value
+                return sign or (`val` - 0x38000000).ushr(13).toShort() // exp - 127 + 15
+            if (`val` < 0x33000000)
+            // too small for subnormal
+                return sign // becomes +/-0
+            `val` = (fbits and 0x7fffffff).ushr(23)  // tmp exp for subnormal calc
+
+            return sign or ((fbits and 0x7fffff or 0x800000) // add subnormal bit
+                            + 0x800000.ushr(`val` - 102)     // round depending on cut off
+                           ).ushr(126 - `val`)   // div by 2^(1-(exp-127+15)) and >> 13 | exp=0
+                    .toShort()
+        }
+    }
+}

video_encoder/encoder_tev.c

@@ -14,6 +14,58 @@
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
+// Float16 conversion functions (adapted from Float16.kt)
+static inline uint16_t float_to_float16(float fval) {
+    uint32_t fbits = *(uint32_t*)&fval;
+    uint16_t sign = (fbits >> 16) & 0x8000;  // sign only
+    uint32_t val = (fbits & 0x7fffffff) + 0x1000; // rounded value
+
+    if (val >= 0x47800000) { // might be or become NaN/Inf
+        if ((fbits & 0x7fffffff) >= 0x47800000) { // is or must become NaN/Inf
+            if (val < 0x7f800000) // was value but too large
+                return sign | 0x7c00; // make it +/-Inf
+            return sign | 0x7c00 | // remains +/-Inf or NaN
+                   ((fbits & 0x007fffff) >> 13); // keep NaN (and Inf) bits
+        }
+        return sign | 0x7bff; // unrounded not quite Inf
+    }
+    if (val >= 0x38800000) // remains normalized value
+        return sign | ((val - 0x38000000) >> 13); // exp - 127 + 15
+    if (val < 0x33000000) // too small for subnormal
+        return sign; // becomes +/-0
+    val = (fbits & 0x7fffffff) >> 23;  // tmp exp for subnormal calc
+
+    return sign | (((fbits & 0x7fffff) | 0x800000) + // add subnormal bit
+                   (0x800000 >> (val - 102)) // round depending on cut off
+                  ) >> (126 - val); // div by 2^(1-(exp-127+15)) and >> 13 | exp=0
+}
+
+static inline float float16_to_float(uint16_t hbits) {
+    uint32_t mant = hbits & 0x03ff;            // 10 bits mantissa
+    uint32_t exp = hbits & 0x7c00;             // 5 bits exponent
+    
+    if (exp == 0x7c00) // NaN/Inf
+        exp = 0x3fc00; // -> NaN/Inf
+    else if (exp != 0) { // normalized value
+        exp += 0x1c000; // exp - 15 + 127
+        if (mant == 0 && exp > 0x1c400) { // smooth transition
+            uint32_t fbits = ((hbits & 0x8000) << 16) | (exp << 13) | 0x3ff;
+            return *(float*)&fbits;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (mant != 0) { // && exp==0 -> subnormal
+        exp = 0x1c400; // make it normal
+        do {
+            mant <<= 1; // mantissa * 2
+            exp -= 0x400; // decrease exp by 1
+        } while ((mant & 0x400) == 0); // while not normal
+        mant &= 0x3ff; // discard subnormal bit
+    } // else +/-0 -> +/-0
+    
+    uint32_t fbits = ((hbits & 0x8000) << 16) | ((exp | mant) << 13);
+    return *(float*)&fbits;
+}
+
 // TSVM Enhanced Video (TEV) format constants
 #define TEV_MAGIC "\x1F\x54\x53\x56\x4D\x54\x45\x56"  // "\x1FTSVM TEV"
 #define TEV_VERSION 2  // Updated for YCoCg-R 4:2:0
@@ -103,7 +155,7 @@ static const uint32_t QUANT_TABLE_C[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR] =
 
 // Audio constants (reuse MP2 from existing system)
 #define MP2_SAMPLE_RATE 32000
-#define MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE 0x240
+#define MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE 1728
 
 // Default values
 #define DEFAULT_WIDTH 560
@@ -140,6 +192,17 @@ typedef struct __attribute__((packed)) {
     int16_t cg_coeffs[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR];  // quantised Cg DCT coefficients (8x8)
 } tev_block_t;
 
+// Lossless TEV block structure (uses float32 internally, converted to float16 during serialization)
+typedef struct __attribute__((packed)) {
+    uint8_t mode;           // Block encoding mode
+    int16_t mv_x, mv_y;     // Motion vector (1/4 pixel precision)
+    float rate_control_factor; // Always 1.0f in lossless mode
+    uint16_t cbp;           // Coded block pattern (which channels have non-zero coeffs)
+    float y_coeffs[BLOCK_SIZE_SQR];  // lossless Y DCT coefficients (16x16)
+    float co_coeffs[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR];  // lossless Co DCT coefficients (8x8)
+    float cg_coeffs[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR];  // lossless Cg DCT coefficients (8x8)
+} tev_lossless_block_t;
+
 // Subtitle entry structure
 typedef struct subtitle_entry {
     int start_frame;
@@ -168,6 +231,8 @@ typedef struct {
     int qualityCo;
     int qualityCg;
     int verbose;
+    int disable_rcf;          // 0 = rcf enabled, 1 = disabled
+    int lossless_mode;    // 0 = lossy (default), 1 = lossless mode
 
     // Bitrate control
     int target_bitrate_kbps;  // Target bitrate in kbps (0 = quality mode)
@@ -216,10 +281,9 @@ typedef struct {
     // Subtitle handling
     subtitle_entry_t *subtitle_list;
     subtitle_entry_t *current_subtitle;
-    
+
     // Complexity statistics collection
     int stats_mode;           // 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled
-    int disable_rcf;          // 0 = rcf enabled, 1 = disabled
     float *complexity_values; // Array to store all complexity values
     int complexity_count;     // Current count of complexity values
     int complexity_capacity;  // Capacity of complexity_values array
@@ -1041,6 +1105,107 @@ static void encode_block(tev_encoder_t *enc, int block_x, int block_y, int is_ke
     block->cbp = 0x07;  // Y, Co, Cg all present
 }
 
+// Encode a 16x16 block in lossless mode
+static void encode_block_lossless(tev_encoder_t *enc, int block_x, int block_y, int is_keyframe) {
+    tev_lossless_block_t *block = (tev_lossless_block_t*)&enc->block_data[block_y * ((enc->width + 15) / 16) + block_x];
+
+    // Extract YCoCg-R block
+    extract_ycocgr_block(enc->current_rgb, enc->width, enc->height,
+                        block_x, block_y,
+                        enc->y_workspace, enc->co_workspace, enc->cg_workspace);
+
+    if (is_keyframe) {
+        // Intra coding for keyframes
+        block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTRA;
+        block->mv_x = block->mv_y = 0;
+        enc->blocks_intra++;
+    } else {
+        // Same mode decision logic as regular encode_block
+        // For simplicity, using INTRA for now in lossless mode
+        block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTRA;
+        block->mv_x = block->mv_y = 0;
+        enc->blocks_intra++;
+    }
+
+    // Lossless mode: rate control factor is always 1.0f
+    block->rate_control_factor = 1.0f;
+
+    // Apply DCT transforms using the same pattern as regular encoding
+    // Y channel (16x16)
+    dct_16x16_fast(enc->y_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
+    for (int i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE_SQR; i++) {
+        block->y_coeffs[i] = enc->dct_workspace[i]; // Store directly without quantization
+    }
+
+    // Co channel (8x8)  
+    dct_8x8_fast(enc->co_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
+    for (int i = 0; i < HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR; i++) {
+        block->co_coeffs[i] = enc->dct_workspace[i]; // Store directly without quantization
+    }
+
+    // Cg channel (8x8)
+    dct_8x8_fast(enc->cg_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
+    for (int i = 0; i < HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR; i++) {
+        block->cg_coeffs[i] = enc->dct_workspace[i]; // Store directly without quantization
+    }
+
+    // Set CBP (simplified - always encode all channels)
+    block->cbp = 0x07;  // Y, Co, Cg all present
+}
+
+// Serialized lossless block structure (for writing to file with float16 coefficients)
+typedef struct __attribute__((packed)) {
+    uint8_t mode;
+    int16_t mv_x, mv_y;
+    float rate_control_factor; // Always 1.0f in lossless mode
+    uint16_t cbp;
+    uint16_t y_coeffs[BLOCK_SIZE_SQR];      // float16 Y coefficients
+    uint16_t co_coeffs[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR]; // float16 Co coefficients
+    uint16_t cg_coeffs[HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR]; // float16 Cg coefficients
+} tev_serialized_lossless_block_t;
+
+// Convert lossless blocks to serialized format with float16 coefficients
+static void serialize_lossless_blocks(tev_encoder_t *enc, int blocks_x, int blocks_y, 
+                                     tev_serialized_lossless_block_t *serialized_blocks) {
+    for (int by = 0; by < blocks_y; by++) {
+        for (int bx = 0; bx < blocks_x; bx++) {
+            tev_lossless_block_t *src = (tev_lossless_block_t*)&enc->block_data[by * blocks_x + bx];
+            tev_serialized_lossless_block_t *dst = &serialized_blocks[by * blocks_x + bx];
+            
+            // Copy basic fields
+            dst->mode = src->mode;
+            dst->mv_x = src->mv_x;
+            dst->mv_y = src->mv_y;
+            dst->rate_control_factor = src->rate_control_factor;
+            dst->cbp = src->cbp;
+            
+            // Convert float32 coefficients to float16 with range clamping
+            // Float16 max finite value is approximately 65504
+            const float FLOAT16_MAX = 65504.0f;
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE_SQR; i++) {
+                float coeff = FCLAMP(src->y_coeffs[i], -FLOAT16_MAX, FLOAT16_MAX);
+                dst->y_coeffs[i] = float_to_float16(coeff);
+                if (enc->verbose && fabsf(src->y_coeffs[i]) > FLOAT16_MAX) {
+                    printf("WARNING: Y coefficient %d clamped: %f -> %f\n", i, src->y_coeffs[i], coeff);
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < HALF_BLOCK_SIZE_SQR; i++) {
+                float co_coeff = FCLAMP(src->co_coeffs[i], -FLOAT16_MAX, FLOAT16_MAX);
+                float cg_coeff = FCLAMP(src->cg_coeffs[i], -FLOAT16_MAX, FLOAT16_MAX);
+                dst->co_coeffs[i] = float_to_float16(co_coeff);
+                dst->cg_coeffs[i] = float_to_float16(cg_coeff);
+                if (enc->verbose && fabsf(src->co_coeffs[i]) > FLOAT16_MAX) {
+                    printf("WARNING: Co coefficient %d clamped: %f -> %f\n", i, src->co_coeffs[i], co_coeff);
+                }
+                if (enc->verbose && fabsf(src->cg_coeffs[i]) > FLOAT16_MAX) {
+                    printf("WARNING: Cg coefficient %d clamped: %f -> %f\n", i, src->cg_coeffs[i], cg_coeff);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Convert SubRip time format (HH:MM:SS,mmm) to frame number
 static int srt_time_to_frame(const char *time_str, int fps) {
     int hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds;
@@ -1182,7 +1347,7 @@ static subtitle_entry_t* parse_srt_file(const char *filename, int fps) {
         }
     }
     
-    fclose(file);
+    //fclose(file); // why uncommenting it errors out with "Fatal error: glibc detected an invalid stdio handle"?
     return head;
 }
 
@@ -1613,6 +1778,7 @@ static tev_encoder_t* init_encoder(void) {
     enc->output_fps = 0;  // No frame rate conversion by default
     enc->is_ntsc_framerate = 0;  // Will be detected from input
     enc->verbose = 0;
+    enc->disable_rcf = 1;
     enc->subtitle_file = NULL;
     enc->has_subtitles = 0;
     enc->subtitle_list = NULL;
@@ -1655,7 +1821,16 @@ static int alloc_encoder_buffers(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
     enc->dct_workspace = malloc(16 * 16 * sizeof(float));
 
     enc->block_data = malloc(total_blocks * sizeof(tev_block_t));
-    enc->compressed_buffer = malloc(total_blocks * sizeof(tev_block_t) * 2);
+    // Allocate compression buffer large enough for both regular and lossless modes
+    size_t max_block_size = sizeof(tev_block_t) > sizeof(tev_serialized_lossless_block_t) ? 
+                            sizeof(tev_block_t) : sizeof(tev_serialized_lossless_block_t);
+    size_t compressed_buffer_size = total_blocks * max_block_size * 2;
+    enc->compressed_buffer = malloc(compressed_buffer_size);
+    
+    if (enc->verbose) {
+        printf("Allocated compressed buffer: %zu bytes for %d blocks (max_block_size: %zu)\n", 
+               compressed_buffer_size, total_blocks, max_block_size);
+    }
     enc->mp2_buffer = malloc(MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE);
 
     if (!enc->current_rgb || !enc->previous_rgb || !enc->reference_rgb ||
@@ -1726,7 +1901,7 @@ static int write_tev_header(FILE *output, tev_encoder_t *enc) {
     uint8_t qualityCo = enc->qualityCo;
     uint8_t qualityCg = enc->qualityCg;
     uint8_t flags = (enc->has_audio) | (enc->has_subtitles << 1);
-    uint8_t video_flags = (enc->progressive_mode ? 0 : 1) | (enc->is_ntsc_framerate ? 2 : 0); // bit 0 = is_interlaced, bit 1 = is_ntsc_framerate
+    uint8_t video_flags = (enc->progressive_mode ? 0 : 1) | (enc->is_ntsc_framerate ? 2 : 0) | (enc->lossless_mode ? 4 : 0); // bit 0 = is_interlaced, bit 1 = is_ntsc_framerate, bit 2 = is_lossless
     uint8_t reserved = 0;
 
     fwrite(&width, 2, 1, output);
@@ -1833,7 +2008,11 @@ static int encode_frame(tev_encoder_t *enc, FILE *output, int frame_num, int fie
     // Encode all blocks
     for (int by = 0; by < blocks_y; by++) {
         for (int bx = 0; bx < blocks_x; bx++) {
-            encode_block(enc, bx, by, is_keyframe);
+            if (enc->lossless_mode) {
+                encode_block_lossless(enc, bx, by, is_keyframe);
+            } else {
+                encode_block(enc, bx, by, is_keyframe);
+            }
 
             // Calculate complexity for rate control (if enabled)
             if (enc->bitrate_mode > 0) {
@@ -1849,13 +2028,34 @@ static int encode_frame(tev_encoder_t *enc, FILE *output, int frame_num, int fie
     }
 
     // Compress block data using Zstd (compatible with TSVM decoder)
-    size_t block_data_size = blocks_x * blocks_y * sizeof(tev_block_t);
+    size_t compressed_size;
-
+    
-    // Compress using Zstd with controlled memory usage
+    if (enc->lossless_mode) {
-    size_t compressed_size = ZSTD_compressCCtx(enc->zstd_context,
+        // Lossless mode: serialize blocks with float16 coefficients
-                                             enc->compressed_buffer, block_data_size * 2,
+        size_t serialized_block_data_size = blocks_x * blocks_y * sizeof(tev_serialized_lossless_block_t);
-                                             enc->block_data, block_data_size,
+        tev_serialized_lossless_block_t *serialized_blocks = malloc(serialized_block_data_size);
-                                             ZSTD_COMPRESSON_LEVEL);
+        if (!serialized_blocks) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory for serialized lossless blocks\n");
+            return -1;
+        }
+        
+        serialize_lossless_blocks(enc, blocks_x, blocks_y, serialized_blocks);
+        
+        // Use the pre-allocated buffer size instead of calculating dynamically
+        size_t output_buffer_size = blocks_x * blocks_y * sizeof(tev_serialized_lossless_block_t) * 2;
+        compressed_size = ZSTD_compressCCtx(enc->zstd_context,
+                                           enc->compressed_buffer, output_buffer_size,
+                                           serialized_blocks, serialized_block_data_size,
+                                           ZSTD_COMPRESSON_LEVEL);
+        free(serialized_blocks);
+    } else {
+        // Regular mode: use regular block data
+        size_t block_data_size = blocks_x * blocks_y * sizeof(tev_block_t);
+        compressed_size = ZSTD_compressCCtx(enc->zstd_context,
+                                           enc->compressed_buffer, block_data_size * 2,
+                                           enc->block_data, block_data_size,
+                                           ZSTD_COMPRESSON_LEVEL);
+    }
     
     if (ZSTD_isError(compressed_size)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Zstd compression failed: %s\n", ZSTD_getErrorName(compressed_size));
@@ -2088,7 +2288,7 @@ static int start_audio_conversion(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
     char command[2048];
     snprintf(command, sizeof(command),
         "ffmpeg -v quiet -i \"%s\" -acodec libtwolame -psymodel 4 -b:a %dk -ar %d -ac 2 -y \"%s\" 2>/dev/null",
-        enc->input_file, MP2_RATE_TABLE[enc->qualityIndex], MP2_SAMPLE_RATE, TEMP_AUDIO_FILE);
+        enc->input_file, enc->lossless_mode ? 384 : MP2_RATE_TABLE[enc->qualityIndex], MP2_SAMPLE_RATE, TEMP_AUDIO_FILE);
 
     int result = system(command);
     if (result == 0) {
@@ -2236,15 +2436,16 @@ static void show_usage(const char *program_name) {
     printf("  -o, --output FILE      Output video file (use '-' for stdout)\n");
     printf("  -s, --size WxH         Video size (default: %dx%d)\n", DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
     printf("  -f, --fps N            Output frames per second (enables frame rate conversion)\n");
-    printf("  -q, --quality N        Quality level 0-4 (default: 2, only decides audio rate in quantiser mode)\n");
+    printf("  -q, --quality N        Quality level 0-4 (default: 2, only decides audio rate in quantiser/lossless mode)\n");
     printf("  -Q, --quantiser N      Quantiser level 0-100 (100: lossless, 0: potato)\n");
 //    printf("  -b, --bitrate N        Target bitrate in kbps (enables bitrate control mode; DON'T USE - NOT WORKING AS INTENDED)\n");
     printf("  -p, --progressive      Use progressive scan (default: interlaced)\n");
     printf("  -S, --subtitles FILE   SubRip (.srt) or SAMI (.smi) subtitle file\n");
     printf("  -v, --verbose          Verbose output\n");
     printf("  -t, --test             Test mode: generate solid colour frames\n");
+    printf("  --lossless             Lossless mode: store coefficients as float16 (no quantisation, implies -p, 384k audio)\n");
+    printf("  --enable-rcf           Enable per-block rate control (experimental)\n");
     printf("  --enable-encode-stats  Collect and report block complexity statistics\n");
-    printf("  --disable-rcf          Disable per-block rate control\n");
     printf("  --help                 Show this help\n\n");
 //    printf("Rate Control Modes:\n");
 //    printf("  Quality mode (default): Fixed quantisation based on -q parameter\n");
@@ -2334,7 +2535,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
         {"test", no_argument, 0, 't'},
         {"enable-encode-stats", no_argument, 0, 1000},
-        {"disable-rcf", no_argument, 0, 1100},
+        {"enable-rcf", no_argument, 0, 1100},
+        {"lossless", no_argument, 0, 1200},
         {"help", no_argument, 0, '?'},
         {0, 0, 0, 0}
     };
@@ -2403,11 +2605,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
             case 't':
                 test_mode = 1;
                 break;
-            case 1000:  // --enable-encode-stats
+            case 1000: // --enable-encode-stats
                 enc->stats_mode = 1;
                 break;
-             case 1100:  // --disable-rcf
+             case 1100: // --enable-rcf
-                enc->disable_rcf = 1;
+                enc->disable_rcf = 0;
+                break;
+            case 1200: // --lossless
+                enc->lossless_mode = 1;
                 break;
             case 0:
                 if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "help") == 0) {
@@ -2419,7 +2624,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
             case 'Q':
                 enc->qualityY = CLAMP(atoi(optarg), 0, 100);
                 enc->qualityCo = enc->qualityY;
-                enc->qualityCg = (enc->qualityY == 100) ? enc->qualityY : enc->qualityCo >> 2;
+                enc->qualityCg = (enc->qualityY == 100) ? enc->qualityY : enc->qualityCo >> 1;
                 break;
             default:
                 show_usage(argv[0]);
@@ -2428,6 +2633,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
     }
 
+    // Lossless mode validation and adjustments
+    if (enc->lossless_mode) {
+        // In lossless mode, disable rate control and set quality to maximum
+        enc->bitrate_mode = 0;
+        enc->disable_rcf = 1;
+        enc->progressive_mode = 1;
+        enc->qualityIndex = 5;
+        enc->qualityY = enc->qualityCo = enc->qualityCg = 255; // Use 255 as a redundant lossless marker
+        if (enc->verbose) {
+            printf("Lossless mode enabled: Rate control disabled, quality set to maximum, enabling progressive scan\n");
+        }
+    }
+
     // halve the internal representation of frame height
     if (!enc->progressive_mode) {
         enc->height /= 2;