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tsvm/video_encoder/encoder_tev.c
minjaesong 2eff7f67fb more balanced rate factor calculation
2025-08-29 14:47:06 +09:00

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// Created by Claude on 2025-08-18.
// TEV (TSVM Enhanced Video) Encoder - YCoCg-R 4:2:0 16x16 Block Version
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <time.h>
// TSVM Enhanced Video (TEV) format constants
#define TEV_MAGIC "\x1F\x54\x53\x56\x4D\x54\x45\x56" // "\x1FTSVM TEV"
#define TEV_VERSION 2 // Updated for YCoCg-R 4:2:0
// version 1: 8x8 RGB
// version 2: 16x16 Y, 8x8 Co/Cg, asymetric quantisation, optional quantiser multiplier for rate control multiplier (1.0 when unused) {current winner}
// version 3: version 2 + internal 6-bit processing (discarded due to higher noise floor)
// Block encoding modes (16x16 blocks)
#define TEV_MODE_SKIP 0x00 // Skip block (copy from reference)
#define TEV_MODE_INTRA 0x01 // Intra DCT coding (I-frame blocks)
#define TEV_MODE_INTER 0x02 // Inter DCT coding with motion compensation
#define TEV_MODE_MOTION 0x03 // Motion vector only (good prediction)
// Video packet types
#define TEV_PACKET_IFRAME 0x10 // Intra frame (keyframe)
#define TEV_PACKET_PFRAME 0x11 // Predicted frame
#define TEV_PACKET_AUDIO_MP2 0x20 // MP2 audio
#define TEV_PACKET_SUBTITLE 0x30 // Subtitle packet
#define TEV_PACKET_SYNC 0xFF // Sync packet
// Utility macros
static inline int CLAMP(int x, int min, int max) {
return x < min ? min : (x > max ? max : x);
}
static inline float FCLAMP(float x, float min, float max) {
return x < min ? min : (x > max ? max : x);
}
// Which preset should I be using?
// from dataset of three videos with Q0..Q95: (real life video, low res pixel art, high res pixel art)
// 56 96 128 192 256 Claude Opus 4.1 (with data analysis)
// 64 96 128 192 256 ChatGPT-5 (without data analysis)
static const int MP2_RATE_TABLE[] = {80, 128, 192, 256, 384};
// Which preset should I be using?
// from dataset of three videos with Q0..Q95: (real life video, low res pixel art, high res pixel art)
// 5 25 50 75 90 Claude Opus 4.1 (with data analysis)
// 10 25 45 65 85 ChatGPT-5 (without data analysis)
// 10 30 50 70 90 ChatGPT-5 (with data analysis)
static const int QUALITY_Y[] = {5, 18, 42, 63, 80};
static const int QUALITY_CO[] = {5, 18, 42, 63, 80};
static float jpeg_quality_to_mult(int q) {
return ((q < 50) ? 5000.f / q : 200.f - 2*q) / 100.f;
}
// Quality settings for quantisation (Y channel) - 16x16 tables
static const uint32_t QUANT_TABLE_Y[256] =
// Quality 50
{16, 14, 12, 11, 11, 13, 16, 20, 24, 30, 39, 48, 54, 61, 67, 73,
14, 13, 12, 12, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 33, 46, 57, 61, 65, 67, 70,
13, 12, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 27, 36, 53, 66, 68, 69, 68, 67,
13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 32, 41, 56, 67, 71, 74, 70, 67,
14, 14, 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 30, 38, 47, 58, 68, 74, 79, 73, 67,
15, 15, 15, 17, 19, 22, 27, 34, 44, 55, 68, 79, 83, 85, 78, 70,
15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 26, 30, 38, 49, 63, 81, 94, 93, 91, 83, 74,
16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 33, 38, 47, 57, 73, 93, 108, 105, 101, 91, 81,
19, 21, 23, 29, 35, 43, 52, 60, 68, 83, 105, 121, 118, 115, 102, 89,
21, 24, 27, 35, 43, 53, 62, 70, 78, 91, 113, 128, 127, 125, 112, 99,
25, 30, 34, 43, 53, 61, 68, 76, 85, 97, 114, 127, 130, 132, 120, 108,
31, 38, 44, 54, 64, 71, 76, 84, 94, 105, 118, 129, 135, 138, 127, 116,
45, 52, 60, 69, 78, 84, 90, 97, 107, 118, 130, 139, 142, 143, 133, 122,
59, 68, 76, 84, 91, 97, 102, 110, 120, 129, 139, 147, 147, 146, 137, 127,
73, 82, 92, 98, 103, 107, 110, 117, 126, 132, 134, 136, 138, 138, 133, 127,
86, 98, 109, 112, 114, 116, 118, 124, 133, 135, 129, 125, 128, 130, 128, 127};
// Quality settings for quantisation (X channel - 8x8)
static const uint32_t QUANT_TABLE_C[64] =
{17, 18, 24, 47, 99, 99, 99, 99,
18, 21, 26, 66, 99, 99, 99, 99,
24, 26, 56, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
47, 66, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99, 99};
// Audio constants (reuse MP2 from existing system)
#define MP2_SAMPLE_RATE 32000
#define MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE 0x240
// Encoding parameters
#define MAX_MOTION_SEARCH 8
int KEYFRAME_INTERVAL = 60;
#define BLOCK_SIZE 16 // 16x16 blocks now
// Default values
#define DEFAULT_WIDTH 560
#define DEFAULT_HEIGHT 448
static void generate_random_filename(char *filename) {
srand(time(NULL));
const char charset[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
const int charset_size = sizeof(charset) - 1;
// Start with the prefix
strcpy(filename, "/tmp/");
// Generate 32 random characters
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
filename[5 + i] = charset[rand() % charset_size];
}
// Add the .mp2 extension
strcpy(filename + 37, ".mp2");
filename[41] = '\0'; // Null terminate
}
char TEMP_AUDIO_FILE[42];// "/tmp/tev_temp_audio.mp2"
typedef struct __attribute__((packed)) {
uint8_t mode; // Block encoding mode
int16_t mv_x, mv_y; // Motion vector (1/4 pixel precision)
float rate_control_factor; // Rate control factor (4 bytes, little-endian)
uint16_t cbp; // Coded block pattern (which channels have non-zero coeffs)
int16_t y_coeffs[256]; // quantised Y DCT coefficients (16x16)
int16_t co_coeffs[64]; // quantised Co DCT coefficients (8x8)
int16_t cg_coeffs[64]; // quantised Cg DCT coefficients (8x8)
} tev_block_t;
// Subtitle entry structure
typedef struct subtitle_entry {
int start_frame;
int end_frame;
char *text;
struct subtitle_entry *next;
} subtitle_entry_t;
typedef struct {
char *input_file;
char *output_file;
char *subtitle_file; // SubRip (.srt) file path
int width;
int height;
int fps;
int output_fps; // User-specified output FPS (for frame rate conversion)
int total_frames;
double duration;
int has_audio;
int has_subtitles;
int output_to_stdout;
int qualityIndex; // -q option
int qualityY;
int qualityCo;
int qualityCg;
int verbose;
// Bitrate control
int target_bitrate_kbps; // Target bitrate in kbps (0 = quality mode)
int bitrate_mode; // 0 = quality, 1 = bitrate, 2 = hybrid
float rate_control_factor; // Dynamic adjustment factor
// Frame buffers (8-bit RGB format for encoding)
uint8_t *current_rgb, *previous_rgb, *reference_rgb;
// YCoCg workspace
float *y_workspace, *co_workspace, *cg_workspace;
float *dct_workspace; // DCT coefficients
tev_block_t *block_data; // Encoded block data
uint8_t *compressed_buffer; // Gzip output
// Audio handling
FILE *mp2_file;
int mp2_packet_size;
int mp2_rate_index;
size_t audio_remaining;
uint8_t *mp2_buffer;
double audio_frames_in_buffer;
int target_audio_buffer_size;
// Compression context
z_stream gzip_stream;
// FFmpeg processes
FILE *ffmpeg_video_pipe;
// Progress tracking
struct timeval start_time;
size_t total_output_bytes;
// Statistics
int blocks_skip, blocks_intra, blocks_inter, blocks_motion;
// Rate control statistics
size_t frame_bits_accumulator;
size_t target_bits_per_frame;
float complexity_history[60]; // Rolling window for complexity
int complexity_history_index;
float average_complexity;
// Subtitle handling
subtitle_entry_t *subtitle_list;
subtitle_entry_t *current_subtitle;
} tev_encoder_t;
// RGB to YCoCg-R transform (per YCoCg-R specification with truncated division)
static void rgb_to_ycocgr(uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b, int *y, int *co, int *cg) {
*co = (int)r - (int)b;
int tmp = (int)b + ((*co) / 2);
*cg = (int)g - tmp;
*y = tmp + ((*cg) / 2);
// Clamp to valid ranges (YCoCg-R should be roughly -256 to +255)
*y = CLAMP(*y, 0, 255);
*co = CLAMP(*co, -256, 255);
*cg = CLAMP(*cg, -256, 255);
}
// YCoCg-R to RGB transform (for verification - per YCoCg-R specification)
static void ycocgr_to_rgb(int y, int co, int cg, uint8_t *r, uint8_t *g, uint8_t *b) {
int tmp = y - (cg / 2);
*g = cg + tmp;
*b = tmp - (co / 2);
*r = *b + co;
// Clamp values
*r = CLAMP(*r, 0, 255);
*g = CLAMP(*g, 0, 255);
*b = CLAMP(*b, 0, 255);
}
// Pre-calculated cosine tables
static float dct_table_16[16][16]; // For 16x16 DCT
static float dct_table_8[8][8]; // For 8x8 DCT
static int tables_initialized = 0;
// Initialize the pre-calculated tables
static void init_dct_tables(void) {
if (tables_initialized) return;
// Pre-calculate cosine values for 16x16 DCT
for (int u = 0; u < 16; u++) {
for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
dct_table_16[u][x] = cosf((2.0f * x + 1.0f) * u * M_PI / 32.0f);
}
}
// Pre-calculate cosine values for 8x8 DCT
for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) {
for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
dct_table_8[u][x] = cosf((2.0f * x + 1.0f) * u * M_PI / 16.0f);
}
}
tables_initialized = 1;
}
// 16x16 2D DCT
// Fast separable 16x16 DCT - 8x performance improvement
static float temp_dct_16[256]; // Reusable temporary buffer
static void dct_16x16_fast(float *input, float *output) {
init_dct_tables(); // Ensure tables are initialized
// First pass: Process rows (16 1D DCTs)
for (int row = 0; row < 16; row++) {
for (int u = 0; u < 16; u++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cu = (u == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
sum += input[row * 16 + x] * dct_table_16[u][x];
}
temp_dct_16[row * 16 + u] = 0.5f * cu * sum;
}
}
// Second pass: Process columns (16 1D DCTs)
for (int col = 0; col < 16; col++) {
for (int v = 0; v < 16; v++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cv = (v == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
sum += temp_dct_16[y * 16 + col] * dct_table_16[v][y];
}
output[v * 16 + col] = 0.5f * cv * sum;
}
}
}
// Legacy O(n^4) version for reference/fallback
static void dct_16x16(float *input, float *output) {
init_dct_tables(); // Ensure tables are initialized
for (int u = 0; u < 16; u++) {
for (int v = 0; v < 16; v++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cu = (u == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
float cv = (v == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
sum += input[y * 16 + x] *
dct_table_16[u][x] *
dct_table_16[v][y];
}
}
output[u * 16 + v] = 0.25f * cu * cv * sum;
}
}
}
// Fast separable 8x8 DCT - 4x performance improvement
static float temp_dct_8[64]; // Reusable temporary buffer
static void dct_8x8_fast(float *input, float *output) {
init_dct_tables(); // Ensure tables are initialized
// First pass: Process rows (8 1D DCTs)
for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cu = (u == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
sum += input[row * 8 + x] * dct_table_8[u][x];
}
temp_dct_8[row * 8 + u] = 0.5f * cu * sum;
}
}
// Second pass: Process columns (8 1D DCTs)
for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cv = (v == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++) {
sum += temp_dct_8[y * 8 + col] * dct_table_8[v][y];
}
output[v * 8 + col] = 0.5f * cv * sum;
}
}
}
// Legacy 8x8 2D DCT (for chroma) - O(n^4) version
static void dct_8x8(float *input, float *output) {
init_dct_tables(); // Ensure tables are initialized
for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) {
for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) {
float sum = 0.0f;
float cu = (u == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
float cv = (v == 0) ? 1.0f / sqrtf(2.0f) : 1.0f;
for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++) {
sum += input[y * 8 + x] *
dct_table_8[u][x] *
dct_table_8[v][y];
}
}
output[u * 8 + v] = 0.25f * cu * cv * sum;
}
}
}
// quantise DCT coefficient using quality table with rate control
static int16_t quantise_coeff(float coeff, float quant, int is_dc, int is_chroma) {
if (is_dc) {
if (is_chroma) {
// Chroma DC: range -256 to +255, use lossless quantisation for testing
return (int16_t)roundf(coeff);
} else {
// Luma DC: range -128 to +127, use lossless quantisation for testing
return (int16_t)roundf(coeff);
}
} else {
// AC coefficients use quality table (rate control factor applied to quant table before calling)
float safe_quant = fmaxf(quant, 1.0f); // Prevent division by zero
return (int16_t)roundf(coeff / safe_quant);
}
}
// Extract 16x16 block from RGB frame and convert to YCoCg-R
static void extract_ycocgr_block(uint8_t *rgb_frame, int width, int height,
int block_x, int block_y,
float *y_block, float *co_block, float *cg_block) {
int start_x = block_x * 16;
int start_y = block_y * 16;
// Extract 16x16 Y block
for (int py = 0; py < 16; py++) {
for (int px = 0; px < 16; px++) {
int x = start_x + px;
int y = start_y + py;
if (x < width && y < height) {
int offset = (y * width + x) * 3;
uint8_t r = rgb_frame[offset];
uint8_t g = rgb_frame[offset + 1];
uint8_t b = rgb_frame[offset + 2];
int y_val, co_val, cg_val;
rgb_to_ycocgr(r, g, b, &y_val, &co_val, &cg_val);
y_block[py * 16 + px] = (float)y_val - 128.0f; // Center around 0
}
}
}
// Extract 8x8 chroma blocks with 4:2:0 subsampling (average 2x2 pixels)
for (int py = 0; py < 8; py++) {
for (int px = 0; px < 8; px++) {
int co_sum = 0, cg_sum = 0, count = 0;
// Average 2x2 block of pixels
for (int dy = 0; dy < 2; dy++) {
for (int dx = 0; dx < 2; dx++) {
int x = start_x + px * 2 + dx;
int y = start_y + py * 2 + dy;
if (x < width && y < height) {
int offset = (y * width + x) * 3;
uint8_t r = rgb_frame[offset];
uint8_t g = rgb_frame[offset + 1];
uint8_t b = rgb_frame[offset + 2];
int y_val, co_val, cg_val;
rgb_to_ycocgr(r, g, b, &y_val, &co_val, &cg_val);
co_sum += co_val;
cg_sum += cg_val;
count++;
}
}
}
if (count > 0) {
// Center chroma around 0 for DCT (Co/Cg range is -255 to +255, so don't add offset)
co_block[py * 8 + px] = (float)(co_sum / count);
cg_block[py * 8 + px] = (float)(cg_sum / count);
}
}
}
}
// Calculate block complexity based on spatial activity
static float calculate_block_complexity(const float *y_block) {
float complexity = 0.0f;
// Method 1: Sum of absolute differences with neighbors (spatial activity)
for (int y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
float pixel = y_block[y * 16 + x];
// Compare with right neighbor
if (x < 15) {
complexity += fabsf(pixel - y_block[y * 16 + (x + 1)]);
}
// Compare with bottom neighbor
if (y < 15) {
complexity += fabsf(pixel - y_block[(y + 1) * 16 + x]);
}
}
}
// Method 2: Add variance contribution
float mean = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
mean += y_block[i];
}
mean /= 256.0f;
float variance = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
float diff = y_block[i] - mean;
variance += diff * diff;
}
variance /= 256.0f;
// Combine spatial activity and variance
return complexity + sqrtf(variance) * 10.0f;
}
// Map complexity to rate control factor (pure per-block, no global factor)
static float complexity_to_rate_factor(float complexity) {
const float P = 10.f;
const float e = -0.5f;
float factor = P * powf(FCLAMP(complexity, 1.f, 16777216.f), e);
return FCLAMP(factor, 1.f / 2.f, 2.f); // the "auto quality" thing can be excessively permissive
}
// Simple motion estimation (full search) for 16x16 blocks
static void estimate_motion(tev_encoder_t *enc, int block_x, int block_y,
int16_t *best_mv_x, int16_t *best_mv_y) {
int best_sad = INT_MAX;
*best_mv_x = 0;
*best_mv_y = 0;
int start_x = block_x * 16;
int start_y = block_y * 16;
// Diamond search pattern (much faster than full search)
static const int diamond_x[] = {0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -2, 2, 0, 0};
static const int diamond_y[] = {0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -2, 2};
int center_x = 0, center_y = 0;
int step_size = 4; // Start with larger steps
while (step_size >= 1) {
int improved = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
int mv_x = center_x + diamond_x[i] * step_size;
int mv_y = center_y + diamond_y[i] * step_size;
// Check bounds
if (mv_x < -MAX_MOTION_SEARCH || mv_x > MAX_MOTION_SEARCH ||
mv_y < -MAX_MOTION_SEARCH || mv_y > MAX_MOTION_SEARCH) {
continue;
}
int ref_x = start_x - mv_x;
int ref_y = start_y - mv_y;
if (ref_x < 0 || ref_y < 0 ||
ref_x + 16 > enc->width || ref_y + 16 > enc->height) {
continue;
}
// Fast SAD using integer luma approximation
int sad = 0;
for (int dy = 0; dy < 16; dy += 2) { // Sample every 2nd row for speed
uint8_t *cur_row = &enc->current_rgb[((start_y + dy) * enc->width + start_x) * 3];
uint8_t *ref_row = &enc->previous_rgb[((ref_y + dy) * enc->width + ref_x) * 3];
for (int dx = 0; dx < 16; dx += 2) { // Sample every 2nd pixel
// Fast luma approximation: (R + 2*G + B) >> 2
int cur_luma = (cur_row[dx*3] + (cur_row[dx*3+1] << 1) + cur_row[dx*3+2]) >> 2;
int ref_luma = (ref_row[dx*3] + (ref_row[dx*3+1] << 1) + ref_row[dx*3+2]) >> 2;
sad += abs(cur_luma - ref_luma);
}
}
if (sad < best_sad) {
best_sad = sad;
*best_mv_x = mv_x;
*best_mv_y = mv_y;
center_x = mv_x;
center_y = mv_y;
improved = 1;
}
}
if (!improved) {
step_size >>= 1; // Reduce step size
}
}
}
// Convert RGB block to YCoCg-R with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling
static void convert_rgb_to_ycocgr_block(const uint8_t *rgb_block,
uint8_t *y_block, int8_t *co_block, int8_t *cg_block) {
// Convert 16x16 RGB to Y (full resolution)
for (int py = 0; py < 16; py++) {
for (int px = 0; px < 16; px++) {
int rgb_idx = (py * 16 + px) * 3;
int r = rgb_block[rgb_idx];
int g = rgb_block[rgb_idx + 1];
int b = rgb_block[rgb_idx + 2];
// YCoCg-R transform (per specification with truncated division)
int y = (r + 2*g + b) / 4;
y_block[py * 16 + px] = CLAMP(y, 0, 255);
}
}
// Convert to Co and Cg with 4:2:0 subsampling (8x8)
for (int cy = 0; cy < 8; cy++) {
for (int cx = 0; cx < 8; cx++) {
// Sample 2x2 block from RGB and average for chroma
int sum_co = 0, sum_cg = 0;
for (int dy = 0; dy < 2; dy++) {
for (int dx = 0; dx < 2; dx++) {
int py = cy * 2 + dy;
int px = cx * 2 + dx;
int rgb_idx = (py * 16 + px) * 3;
int r = rgb_block[rgb_idx];
int g = rgb_block[rgb_idx + 1];
int b = rgb_block[rgb_idx + 2];
int co = r - b;
int tmp = b + (co / 2);
int cg = g - tmp;
sum_co += co;
sum_cg += cg;
}
}
// Average and store subsampled chroma
co_block[cy * 8 + cx] = CLAMP(sum_co / 4, -256, 255);
cg_block[cy * 8 + cx] = CLAMP(sum_cg / 4, -256, 255);
}
}
}
// Extract motion-compensated YCoCg-R block from reference frame
static void extract_motion_compensated_block(const uint8_t *rgb_data, int width, int height,
int block_x, int block_y, int mv_x, int mv_y,
uint8_t *y_block, int8_t *co_block, int8_t *cg_block) {
// Extract 16x16 RGB block with motion compensation
uint8_t rgb_block[16 * 16 * 3];
for (int dy = 0; dy < 16; dy++) {
for (int dx = 0; dx < 16; dx++) {
int cur_x = block_x + dx;
int cur_y = block_y + dy;
int ref_x = cur_x + mv_x; // Revert to original motion compensation
int ref_y = cur_y + mv_y;
int rgb_idx = (dy * 16 + dx) * 3;
if (ref_x >= 0 && ref_y >= 0 && ref_x < width && ref_y < height) {
// Copy RGB from reference position
int ref_offset = (ref_y * width + ref_x) * 3;
rgb_block[rgb_idx] = rgb_data[ref_offset]; // R
rgb_block[rgb_idx + 1] = rgb_data[ref_offset + 1]; // G
rgb_block[rgb_idx + 2] = rgb_data[ref_offset + 2]; // B
} else {
// Out of bounds - use black
rgb_block[rgb_idx] = 0; // R
rgb_block[rgb_idx + 1] = 0; // G
rgb_block[rgb_idx + 2] = 0; // B
}
}
}
// Convert RGB block to YCoCg-R
convert_rgb_to_ycocgr_block(rgb_block, y_block, co_block, cg_block);
}
// Compute motion-compensated residual for INTER mode
static void compute_motion_residual(tev_encoder_t *enc, int block_x, int block_y, int mv_x, int mv_y) {
int start_x = block_x * 16;
int start_y = block_y * 16;
// Extract motion-compensated reference block from previous frame
uint8_t ref_y[256];
int8_t ref_co[64], ref_cg[64];
extract_motion_compensated_block(enc->previous_rgb, enc->width, enc->height,
start_x, start_y, mv_x, mv_y,
ref_y, ref_co, ref_cg);
// Compute residuals: current - motion_compensated_reference
// Current is already centered (-128 to +127), reference is 0-255, so subtract and center reference
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
float ref_y_centered = (float)ref_y[i] - 128.0f; // Center reference to match current
enc->y_workspace[i] = enc->y_workspace[i] - ref_y_centered;
}
// Chroma residuals (already centered in both current and reference)
for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
enc->co_workspace[i] = enc->co_workspace[i] - (float)ref_co[i];
enc->cg_workspace[i] = enc->cg_workspace[i] - (float)ref_cg[i];
}
}
// Calculate block complexity for rate control
// Encode a 16x16 block
static void encode_block(tev_encoder_t *enc, int block_x, int block_y, int is_keyframe) {
tev_block_t *block = &enc->block_data[block_y * ((enc->width + 15) / 16) + block_x];
// Extract YCoCg-R block
extract_ycocgr_block(enc->current_rgb, enc->width, enc->height,
block_x, block_y,
enc->y_workspace, enc->co_workspace, enc->cg_workspace);
if (is_keyframe) {
// Intra coding for keyframes
block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTRA;
block->mv_x = block->mv_y = 0;
block->rate_control_factor = enc->rate_control_factor;
enc->blocks_intra++;
} else {
// Implement proper mode decision for P-frames
int start_x = block_x * 16;
int start_y = block_y * 16;
// Calculate SAD for skip mode (no motion compensation)
int skip_sad = 0;
int skip_color_diff = 0;
for (int dy = 0; dy < 16; dy++) {
for (int dx = 0; dx < 16; dx++) {
int x = start_x + dx;
int y = start_y + dy;
if (x < enc->width && y < enc->height) {
int cur_offset = (y * enc->width + x) * 3;
// Compare current with previous frame (using YCoCg-R Luma calculation)
int cur_luma = (enc->current_rgb[cur_offset] +
2 * enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 1] +
enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 2]) / 4;
int prev_luma = (enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset] +
2 * enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset + 1] +
enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset + 2]) / 4;
skip_sad += abs(cur_luma - prev_luma);
// Also check for color differences to prevent SKIP on color changes
int cur_r = enc->current_rgb[cur_offset];
int cur_g = enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 1];
int cur_b = enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 2];
int prev_r = enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset];
int prev_g = enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset + 1];
int prev_b = enc->previous_rgb[cur_offset + 2];
skip_color_diff += abs(cur_r - prev_r) + abs(cur_g - prev_g) + abs(cur_b - prev_b);
}
}
}
// Try motion estimation
estimate_motion(enc, block_x, block_y, &block->mv_x, &block->mv_y);
// Calculate motion compensation SAD
int motion_sad = INT_MAX;
if (abs(block->mv_x) > 0 || abs(block->mv_y) > 0) {
motion_sad = 0;
for (int dy = 0; dy < 16; dy++) {
for (int dx = 0; dx < 16; dx++) {
int cur_x = start_x + dx;
int cur_y = start_y + dy;
int ref_x = cur_x + block->mv_x;
int ref_y = cur_y + block->mv_y;
if (cur_x < enc->width && cur_y < enc->height &&
ref_x >= 0 && ref_y >= 0 &&
ref_x < enc->width && ref_y < enc->height) {
int cur_offset = (cur_y * enc->width + cur_x) * 3;
int ref_offset = (ref_y * enc->width + ref_x) * 3;
// use YCoCg-R Luma calculation
int cur_luma = (enc->current_rgb[cur_offset] +
2 * enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 1] +
enc->current_rgb[cur_offset + 2]) / 4;
int ref_luma = (enc->previous_rgb[ref_offset] +
2 * enc->previous_rgb[ref_offset + 1] +
enc->previous_rgb[ref_offset + 2]) / 4;
motion_sad += abs(cur_luma - ref_luma);
} else {
motion_sad += 128; // Penalty for out-of-bounds
}
}
}
}
// Mode decision with strict thresholds for quality
// Require both low luma difference AND low color difference for SKIP
if (skip_sad <= 64 && skip_color_diff <= 192) {
// Very small difference - skip block (copy from previous frame)
block->mode = TEV_MODE_SKIP;
block->mv_x = 0;
block->mv_y = 0;
// Even skip blocks benefit from complexity analysis for consistency
float block_complexity = calculate_block_complexity(enc->y_workspace);
block->rate_control_factor = complexity_to_rate_factor(block_complexity);
block->cbp = 0x00; // No coefficients present
// Zero out DCT coefficients for consistent format
memset(block->y_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->y_coeffs));
memset(block->co_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->co_coeffs));
memset(block->cg_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->cg_coeffs));
enc->blocks_skip++;
return; // Skip DCT encoding entirely
} else if (motion_sad < skip_sad && motion_sad <= 1024 &&
(abs(block->mv_x) > 0 || abs(block->mv_y) > 0)) {
// Good motion prediction - use motion-only mode
block->mode = TEV_MODE_MOTION;
// Analyze complexity for motion blocks too
float block_complexity = calculate_block_complexity(enc->y_workspace);
block->rate_control_factor = complexity_to_rate_factor(block_complexity);
block->cbp = 0x00; // No coefficients present
// Zero out DCT coefficients for consistent format
memset(block->y_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->y_coeffs));
memset(block->co_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->co_coeffs));
memset(block->cg_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->cg_coeffs));
enc->blocks_motion++;
return; // Skip DCT encoding, just store motion vector
// disabling INTER mode: residual DCT is crapping out no matter what I do
/*} else if (motion_sad < skip_sad && (abs(block->mv_x) > 0 || abs(block->mv_y) > 0)) {
// Motion compensation with threshold
if (motion_sad <= 1024) {
block->mode = TEV_MODE_MOTION;
block->rate_control_factor = enc->rate_control_factor;
block->cbp = 0x00; // No coefficients present
memset(block->y_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->y_coeffs));
memset(block->co_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->co_coeffs));
memset(block->cg_coeffs, 0, sizeof(block->cg_coeffs));
enc->blocks_motion++;
return; // Skip DCT encoding, just store motion vector
}
// Use INTER mode with motion vector and residuals
if (abs(block->mv_x) <= 24 && abs(block->mv_y) <= 24) {
block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTER;
block->rate_control_factor = enc->rate_control_factor;
enc->blocks_inter++;
} else {
// Motion vector too large, fall back to INTRA
block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTRA;
block->rate_control_factor = enc->rate_control_factor;
block->mv_x = 0;
block->mv_y = 0;
enc->blocks_intra++;
return;
}*/
} else {
// No good motion prediction - use intra mode
block->mode = TEV_MODE_INTRA;
block->mv_x = 0;
block->mv_y = 0;
enc->blocks_intra++;
}
}
// Calculate block complexity BEFORE DCT transform for adaptive rate control
float block_complexity = calculate_block_complexity(enc->y_workspace);
block->rate_control_factor = complexity_to_rate_factor(block_complexity);
// Apply fast DCT transform
dct_16x16_fast(enc->y_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
// quantise Y coefficients (luma) using per-block rate control
const uint32_t *y_quant = QUANT_TABLE_Y;
const float qmult_y = jpeg_quality_to_mult(enc->qualityY);
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
// Apply rate control factor to quantization table (like decoder does)
float effective_quant = y_quant[i] * qmult_y * block->rate_control_factor;
block->y_coeffs[i] = quantise_coeff(enc->dct_workspace[i], FCLAMP(effective_quant, 1.f, 255.f), i == 0, 0);
}
// Apply fast DCT transform to chroma
dct_8x8_fast(enc->co_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
// quantise Co coefficients (chroma - orange-blue) using per-block rate control
const uint32_t *co_quant = QUANT_TABLE_C;
const float qmult_co = jpeg_quality_to_mult(enc->qualityCo);
for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
// Apply rate control factor to quantization table (like decoder does)
float effective_quant = co_quant[i] * qmult_co * block->rate_control_factor;
block->co_coeffs[i] = quantise_coeff(enc->dct_workspace[i], FCLAMP(effective_quant, 1.f, 255.f), i == 0, 1);
}
// Apply fast DCT transform to Cg
dct_8x8_fast(enc->cg_workspace, enc->dct_workspace);
// quantise Cg coefficients (chroma - green-magenta, qmult_cg is more aggressive like NTSC Q) using per-block rate control
const uint32_t *cg_quant = QUANT_TABLE_C;
const float qmult_cg = jpeg_quality_to_mult(enc->qualityCg);
for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
// Apply rate control factor to quantization table (like decoder does)
float effective_quant = cg_quant[i] * qmult_cg * block->rate_control_factor;
block->cg_coeffs[i] = quantise_coeff(enc->dct_workspace[i], FCLAMP(effective_quant, 1.f, 255.f), i == 0, 1);
}
// Set CBP (simplified - always encode all channels)
block->cbp = 0x07; // Y, Co, Cg all present
}
// Convert SubRip time format (HH:MM:SS,mmm) to frame number
static int srt_time_to_frame(const char *time_str, int fps) {
int hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds;
if (sscanf(time_str, "%d:%d:%d,%d", &hours, &minutes, &seconds, &milliseconds) != 4) {
return -1;
}
double total_seconds = hours * 3600.0 + minutes * 60.0 + seconds + milliseconds / 1000.0;
return (int)(total_seconds * fps + 0.5); // Round to nearest frame
}
// Convert SAMI milliseconds to frame number
static int sami_ms_to_frame(int milliseconds, int fps) {
double seconds = milliseconds / 1000.0;
return (int)(seconds * fps + 0.5); // Round to nearest frame
}
// Parse SubRip subtitle file
static subtitle_entry_t* parse_srt_file(const char *filename, int fps) {
FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!file) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open subtitle file: %s\n", filename);
return NULL;
}
subtitle_entry_t *head = NULL;
subtitle_entry_t *tail = NULL;
char line[1024];
int state = 0; // 0=index, 1=time, 2=text, 3=blank
subtitle_entry_t *current_entry = NULL;
char *text_buffer = NULL;
size_t text_buffer_size = 0;
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) {
// Remove trailing newline
size_t len = strlen(line);
if (len > 0 && line[len-1] == '\n') {
line[len-1] = '\0';
len--;
}
if (len > 0 && line[len-1] == '\r') {
line[len-1] = '\0';
len--;
}
if (state == 0) { // Expecting subtitle index
if (strlen(line) == 0) continue; // Skip empty lines
// Create new subtitle entry
current_entry = calloc(1, sizeof(subtitle_entry_t));
if (!current_entry) break;
state = 1;
} else if (state == 1) { // Expecting time range
char start_time[32], end_time[32];
if (sscanf(line, "%31s --> %31s", start_time, end_time) == 2) {
current_entry->start_frame = srt_time_to_frame(start_time, fps);
current_entry->end_frame = srt_time_to_frame(end_time, fps);
if (current_entry->start_frame < 0 || current_entry->end_frame < 0) {
free(current_entry);
current_entry = NULL;
state = 3; // Skip to next blank line
continue;
}
// Initialize text buffer
text_buffer_size = 256;
text_buffer = malloc(text_buffer_size);
if (!text_buffer) {
free(current_entry);
current_entry = NULL;
fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed while parsing subtitles\n");
break;
}
text_buffer[0] = '\0';
state = 2;
} else {
free(current_entry);
current_entry = NULL;
state = 3; // Skip malformed entry
}
} else if (state == 2) { // Collecting subtitle text
if (strlen(line) == 0) {
// End of subtitle text
current_entry->text = strdup(text_buffer);
free(text_buffer);
text_buffer = NULL;
// Add to list
if (!head) {
head = current_entry;
tail = current_entry;
} else {
tail->next = current_entry;
tail = current_entry;
}
current_entry = NULL;
state = 0;
} else {
// Append text line
size_t current_len = strlen(text_buffer);
size_t line_len = strlen(line);
size_t needed = current_len + line_len + 2; // +2 for newline and null
if (needed > text_buffer_size) {
text_buffer_size = needed + 256;
char *new_buffer = realloc(text_buffer, text_buffer_size);
if (!new_buffer) {
free(text_buffer);
free(current_entry);
current_entry = NULL;
fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed while parsing subtitles\n");
break;
}
text_buffer = new_buffer;
}
if (current_len > 0) {
strcat(text_buffer, "\n");
}
strcat(text_buffer, line);
}
} else if (state == 3) { // Skip to next blank line
if (strlen(line) == 0) {
state = 0;
}
}
}
// Handle final subtitle if file doesn't end with blank line
if (current_entry && text_buffer) {
current_entry->text = strdup(text_buffer);
free(text_buffer);
if (!head) {
head = current_entry;
} else {
tail->next = current_entry;
}
}
fclose(file);
return head;
}
// Strip HTML tags from text but preserve <b> and <i> formatting tags
static char* strip_html_tags(const char *html) {
if (!html) return NULL;
size_t len = strlen(html);
char *result = malloc(len + 1);
if (!result) return NULL;
int in_tag = 0;
int out_pos = 0;
int i = 0;
while (i < len) {
if (html[i] == '<') {
// Check if this is a formatting tag we want to preserve
int preserve_tag = 0;
// Check for <b>, </b>, <i>, </i> tags
if (i + 1 < len) {
if ((i + 2 < len && strncasecmp(&html[i], "<b>", 3) == 0) ||
(i + 3 < len && strncasecmp(&html[i], "</b>", 4) == 0) ||
(i + 2 < len && strncasecmp(&html[i], "<i>", 3) == 0) ||
(i + 3 < len && strncasecmp(&html[i], "</i>", 4) == 0)) {
preserve_tag = 1;
}
}
if (preserve_tag) {
// Copy the entire tag
while (i < len && html[i] != '>') {
result[out_pos++] = html[i++];
}
if (i < len) {
result[out_pos++] = html[i++]; // Copy the '>'
}
} else {
// Skip non-formatting tags
in_tag = 1;
i++;
}
} else if (html[i] == '>') {
in_tag = 0;
i++;
} else if (!in_tag) {
result[out_pos++] = html[i++];
} else {
i++;
}
}
result[out_pos] = '\0';
return result;
}
// Parse SAMI subtitle file
static subtitle_entry_t* parse_smi_file(const char *filename, int fps) {
FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!file) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open subtitle file: %s\n", filename);
return NULL;
}
subtitle_entry_t *head = NULL;
subtitle_entry_t *tail = NULL;
char line[2048];
char *content = NULL;
size_t content_size = 0;
size_t content_pos = 0;
// Read entire file into memory for easier parsing
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) {
size_t line_len = strlen(line);
// Expand content buffer if needed
if (content_pos + line_len + 1 > content_size) {
content_size = content_size ? content_size * 2 : 8192;
char *new_content = realloc(content, content_size);
if (!new_content) {
free(content);
fclose(file);
fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed while parsing SAMI file\n");
return NULL;
}
content = new_content;
}
strcpy(content + content_pos, line);
content_pos += line_len;
}
fclose(file);
if (!content) return NULL;
// Convert to lowercase for case-insensitive parsing
char *content_lower = malloc(strlen(content) + 1);
if (!content_lower) {
free(content);
return NULL;
}
for (int i = 0; content[i]; i++) {
content_lower[i] = tolower(content[i]);
}
content_lower[strlen(content)] = '\0';
// Find BODY section
char *body_start = strstr(content_lower, "<body");
if (!body_start) {
fprintf(stderr, "No BODY section found in SAMI file\n");
free(content);
free(content_lower);
return NULL;
}
// Skip to actual body content
body_start = strchr(body_start, '>');
if (!body_start) {
free(content);
free(content_lower);
return NULL;
}
body_start++;
// Calculate offset in original content
size_t body_offset = body_start - content_lower;
char *body_content = content + body_offset;
// Parse SYNC tags
char *pos = content_lower + body_offset;
char *original_pos = body_content;
while ((pos = strstr(pos, "<sync")) != NULL) {
// Find start time
char *start_attr = strstr(pos, "start");
if (!start_attr || start_attr > strstr(pos, ">")) {
pos++;
continue;
}
// Parse start time
start_attr = strchr(start_attr, '=');
if (!start_attr) {
pos++;
continue;
}
start_attr++;
// Skip whitespace and quotes
while (*start_attr && (*start_attr == ' ' || *start_attr == '"' || *start_attr == '\'')) {
start_attr++;
}
int start_ms = atoi(start_attr);
if (start_ms < 0) {
pos++;
continue;
}
// Find end of sync tag
char *sync_end = strchr(pos, '>');
if (!sync_end) {
pos++;
continue;
}
sync_end++;
// Find next sync tag or end of body
char *next_sync = strstr(sync_end, "<sync");
char *body_end = strstr(sync_end, "</body>");
char *text_end = next_sync;
if (body_end && (!next_sync || body_end < next_sync)) {
text_end = body_end;
}
if (!text_end) {
// Use end of content
text_end = content_lower + strlen(content_lower);
}
// Extract subtitle text
size_t text_len = text_end - sync_end;
if (text_len > 0) {
// Get text from original content (not lowercase version)
size_t sync_offset = sync_end - content_lower;
char *subtitle_text = malloc(text_len + 1);
if (!subtitle_text) break;
strncpy(subtitle_text, content + sync_offset, text_len);
subtitle_text[text_len] = '\0';
// Strip HTML tags and clean up text
char *clean_text = strip_html_tags(subtitle_text);
free(subtitle_text);
if (clean_text && strlen(clean_text) > 0) {
// Remove leading/trailing whitespace
char *start = clean_text;
while (*start && (*start == ' ' || *start == '\t' || *start == '\n' || *start == '\r')) {
start++;
}
char *end = start + strlen(start) - 1;
while (end > start && (*end == ' ' || *end == '\t' || *end == '\n' || *end == '\r')) {
*end = '\0';
end--;
}
if (strlen(start) > 0) {
// Create subtitle entry
subtitle_entry_t *entry = calloc(1, sizeof(subtitle_entry_t));
if (entry) {
entry->start_frame = sami_ms_to_frame(start_ms, fps);
entry->text = strdup(start);
// Set end frame to next subtitle start or a default duration
if (next_sync) {
// Parse next sync start time
char *next_start = strstr(next_sync, "start");
if (next_start) {
next_start = strchr(next_start, '=');
if (next_start) {
next_start++;
while (*next_start && (*next_start == ' ' || *next_start == '"' || *next_start == '\'')) {
next_start++;
}
int next_ms = atoi(next_start);
if (next_ms > start_ms) {
entry->end_frame = sami_ms_to_frame(next_ms, fps);
} else {
entry->end_frame = entry->start_frame + fps * 3; // 3 second default
}
}
}
} else {
entry->end_frame = entry->start_frame + fps * 3; // 3 second default
}
// Add to list
if (!head) {
head = entry;
tail = entry;
} else {
tail->next = entry;
tail = entry;
}
}
}
}
free(clean_text);
}
pos = sync_end;
}
free(content);
free(content_lower);
return head;
}
// Detect subtitle file format based on extension and content
static int detect_subtitle_format(const char *filename) {
// Check file extension first
const char *ext = strrchr(filename, '.');
if (ext) {
ext++; // Skip the dot
if (strcasecmp(ext, "smi") == 0 || strcasecmp(ext, "sami") == 0) {
return 1; // SAMI format
}
if (strcasecmp(ext, "srt") == 0) {
return 0; // SubRip format
}
}
// If extension is unclear, try to detect from content
FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!file) return 0; // Default to SRT
char line[1024];
int has_sami_tags = 0;
int has_srt_format = 0;
int lines_checked = 0;
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file) && lines_checked < 20) {
// Convert to lowercase for checking
char *lower_line = malloc(strlen(line) + 1);
if (lower_line) {
for (int i = 0; line[i]; i++) {
lower_line[i] = tolower(line[i]);
}
lower_line[strlen(line)] = '\0';
// Check for SAMI indicators
if (strstr(lower_line, "<sami>") || strstr(lower_line, "<sync") ||
strstr(lower_line, "<body>") || strstr(lower_line, "start=")) {
has_sami_tags = 1;
free(lower_line);
break;
}
// Check for SRT indicators (time format)
if (strstr(lower_line, "-->")) {
has_srt_format = 1;
}
free(lower_line);
}
lines_checked++;
}
fclose(file);
// Return format based on detection
if (has_sami_tags) return 1; // SAMI
return 0; // Default to SRT
}
// Parse subtitle file (auto-detect format)
static subtitle_entry_t* parse_subtitle_file(const char *filename, int fps) {
int format = detect_subtitle_format(filename);
if (format == 1) {
return parse_smi_file(filename, fps);
} else {
return parse_srt_file(filename, fps);
}
}
// Free subtitle list
static void free_subtitle_list(subtitle_entry_t *list) {
while (list) {
subtitle_entry_t *next = list->next;
free(list->text);
free(list);
list = next;
}
}
// Write subtitle packet to output
static int write_subtitle_packet(FILE *output, uint32_t index, uint8_t opcode, const char *text) {
// Calculate packet size
size_t text_len = text ? strlen(text) : 0;
size_t packet_size = 3 + 1 + text_len + 1; // index (3 bytes) + opcode + text + null terminator
// Write packet type and size
uint8_t packet_type = TEV_PACKET_SUBTITLE;
fwrite(&packet_type, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&packet_size, 4, 1, output);
// Write subtitle packet data
uint8_t index_bytes[3];
index_bytes[0] = index & 0xFF;
index_bytes[1] = (index >> 8) & 0xFF;
index_bytes[2] = (index >> 16) & 0xFF;
fwrite(index_bytes, 1, 3, output);
fwrite(&opcode, 1, 1, output);
if (text && text_len > 0) {
fwrite(text, 1, text_len, output);
}
// Write null terminator
uint8_t null_term = 0x00;
fwrite(&null_term, 1, 1, output);
return packet_size + 5; // packet_size + packet_type + size field
}
// Process subtitles for the current frame
static int process_subtitles(tev_encoder_t *enc, int frame_num, FILE *output) {
if (!enc->has_subtitles) return 0;
int bytes_written = 0;
// Check if any subtitles need to be shown at this frame
subtitle_entry_t *sub = enc->current_subtitle;
while (sub && sub->start_frame <= frame_num) {
if (sub->start_frame == frame_num) {
// Show subtitle
bytes_written += write_subtitle_packet(output, 0, 0x01, sub->text);
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Frame %d: Showing subtitle: %.50s%s\n",
frame_num, sub->text, strlen(sub->text) > 50 ? "..." : "");
}
}
if (sub->end_frame == frame_num) {
// Hide subtitle
bytes_written += write_subtitle_packet(output, 0, 0x02, NULL);
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Frame %d: Hiding subtitle\n", frame_num);
}
}
// Move to next subtitle if we're past the end of current one
if (sub->end_frame <= frame_num) {
enc->current_subtitle = sub->next;
}
sub = sub->next;
}
return bytes_written;
}
// Initialize encoder
static tev_encoder_t* init_encoder(void) {
tev_encoder_t *enc = calloc(1, sizeof(tev_encoder_t));
if (!enc) return NULL;
// set defaults
enc->qualityIndex = 2; // Default quality
enc->qualityY = QUALITY_Y[enc->qualityIndex];
enc->qualityCo = QUALITY_CO[enc->qualityIndex];
enc->qualityCg = enc->qualityCo / 2;
enc->mp2_packet_size = 0; // Will be detected from MP2 header
enc->mp2_rate_index = 0;
enc->audio_frames_in_buffer = 0;
enc->target_audio_buffer_size = 4;
enc->width = DEFAULT_WIDTH;
enc->height = DEFAULT_HEIGHT;
enc->fps = 0; // Will be detected from input
enc->output_fps = 0; // No frame rate conversion by default
enc->verbose = 0;
enc->subtitle_file = NULL;
enc->has_subtitles = 0;
enc->subtitle_list = NULL;
enc->current_subtitle = NULL;
// Rate control defaults
enc->target_bitrate_kbps = 0; // 0 = quality mode
enc->bitrate_mode = 0; // Quality mode by default
// No global rate control factor needed - per-block complexity-based control only
enc->frame_bits_accumulator = 0;
enc->target_bits_per_frame = 0;
enc->complexity_history_index = 0;
enc->average_complexity = 0.0f;
memset(enc->complexity_history, 0, sizeof(enc->complexity_history));
init_dct_tables();
return enc;
}
// Allocate encoder buffers
static int alloc_encoder_buffers(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
int pixels = enc->width * enc->height;
int blocks_x = (enc->width + 15) / 16;
int blocks_y = (enc->height + 15) / 16;
int total_blocks = blocks_x * blocks_y;
enc->current_rgb = malloc(pixels * 3);
enc->previous_rgb = malloc(pixels * 3);
enc->reference_rgb = malloc(pixels * 3);
enc->y_workspace = malloc(16 * 16 * sizeof(float));
enc->co_workspace = malloc(8 * 8 * sizeof(float));
enc->cg_workspace = malloc(8 * 8 * sizeof(float));
enc->dct_workspace = malloc(16 * 16 * sizeof(float));
enc->block_data = malloc(total_blocks * sizeof(tev_block_t));
enc->compressed_buffer = malloc(total_blocks * sizeof(tev_block_t) * 2);
enc->mp2_buffer = malloc(MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE);
if (!enc->current_rgb || !enc->previous_rgb || !enc->reference_rgb ||
!enc->y_workspace || !enc->co_workspace || !enc->cg_workspace ||
!enc->dct_workspace || !enc->block_data ||
!enc->compressed_buffer || !enc->mp2_buffer) {
return -1;
}
// Initialize gzip compression stream
enc->gzip_stream.zalloc = Z_NULL;
enc->gzip_stream.zfree = Z_NULL;
enc->gzip_stream.opaque = Z_NULL;
int gzip_init_result = deflateInit2(&enc->gzip_stream, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
Z_DEFLATED, 15 + 16, 8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY); // 15+16 for gzip format
if (gzip_init_result != Z_OK) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize gzip compression\n");
return 0;
}
// Initialize previous frame to black
memset(enc->previous_rgb, 0, pixels * 3);
return 1;
}
// Free encoder resources
static void free_encoder(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
if (!enc) return;
deflateEnd(&enc->gzip_stream);
free(enc->current_rgb);
free(enc->previous_rgb);
free(enc->reference_rgb);
free(enc->y_workspace);
free(enc->co_workspace);
free(enc->cg_workspace);
free(enc->dct_workspace);
free(enc->block_data);
free(enc->compressed_buffer);
free(enc->mp2_buffer);
free(enc);
}
// Write TEV header
static int write_tev_header(FILE *output, tev_encoder_t *enc) {
// Magic + version
fwrite(TEV_MAGIC, 1, 8, output);
uint8_t version = TEV_VERSION;
fwrite(&version, 1, 1, output);
// Video parameters
uint16_t width = enc->width;
uint16_t height = enc->height;
uint8_t fps = enc->fps;
uint32_t total_frames = enc->total_frames;
uint8_t qualityY = enc->qualityY;
uint8_t qualityCo = enc->qualityCo;
uint8_t qualityCg = enc->qualityCg;
uint8_t flags = (enc->has_audio) | (enc->has_subtitles << 1);
uint16_t unused = 0;
fwrite(&width, 2, 1, output);
fwrite(&height, 2, 1, output);
fwrite(&fps, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&total_frames, 4, 1, output);
fwrite(&qualityY, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&qualityCo, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&qualityCg, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&flags, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&unused, 2, 1, output);
return 0;
}
// Detect scene changes by analyzing frame differences
static int detect_scene_change(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
if (!enc->previous_rgb || !enc->current_rgb) {
return 0; // No previous frame to compare
}
long long total_diff = 0;
int changed_pixels = 0;
// Sample every 4th pixel for performance (still gives good detection)
for (int y = 0; y < enc->height; y += 2) {
for (int x = 0; x < enc->width; x += 2) {
int offset = (y * enc->width + x) * 3;
// Calculate color difference
int r_diff = abs(enc->current_rgb[offset] - enc->previous_rgb[offset]);
int g_diff = abs(enc->current_rgb[offset + 1] - enc->previous_rgb[offset + 1]);
int b_diff = abs(enc->current_rgb[offset + 2] - enc->previous_rgb[offset + 2]);
int pixel_diff = r_diff + g_diff + b_diff;
total_diff += pixel_diff;
// Count significantly changed pixels (threshold of 30 per channel average)
if (pixel_diff > 90) {
changed_pixels++;
}
}
}
// Calculate metrics for scene change detection
int sampled_pixels = (enc->height / 2) * (enc->width / 2);
double avg_diff = (double)total_diff / sampled_pixels;
double changed_ratio = (double)changed_pixels / sampled_pixels;
// Scene change thresholds:
// - High average difference (> 40) OR
// - Large percentage of changed pixels (> 30%)
return (avg_diff > 40.0) || (changed_ratio > 0.30);
}
// Encode and write a frame
static int encode_frame(tev_encoder_t *enc, FILE *output, int frame_num) {
// Check for scene change or time-based keyframe
int is_scene_change = detect_scene_change(enc);
int is_time_keyframe = (frame_num % KEYFRAME_INTERVAL) == 0;
int is_keyframe = is_time_keyframe || is_scene_change;
// Verbose output for keyframe decisions
if (enc->verbose && is_keyframe) {
if (is_scene_change && !is_time_keyframe) {
printf("Frame %d: Scene change detected, inserting keyframe\n", frame_num);
} else if (is_time_keyframe) {
printf("Frame %d: Time-based keyframe (interval: %d)\n", frame_num, KEYFRAME_INTERVAL);
}
}
int blocks_x = (enc->width + 15) / 16;
int blocks_y = (enc->height + 15) / 16;
// Track frame complexity for rate control
float frame_complexity = 0.0f;
size_t frame_start_bits = enc->total_output_bytes * 8;
// Encode all blocks
for (int by = 0; by < blocks_y; by++) {
for (int bx = 0; bx < blocks_x; bx++) {
encode_block(enc, bx, by, is_keyframe);
// Calculate complexity for rate control (if enabled)
if (enc->bitrate_mode > 0) {
tev_block_t *block = &enc->block_data[by * blocks_x + bx];
if (block->mode == TEV_MODE_INTRA || block->mode == TEV_MODE_INTER) {
// Sum absolute values of quantised coefficients as complexity metric
for (int i = 1; i < 256; i++) frame_complexity += abs(block->y_coeffs[i]);
for (int i = 1; i < 64; i++) frame_complexity += abs(block->co_coeffs[i]);
for (int i = 1; i < 64; i++) frame_complexity += abs(block->cg_coeffs[i]);
}
}
}
}
// Compress block data using gzip (compatible with TSVM decoder)
size_t block_data_size = blocks_x * blocks_y * sizeof(tev_block_t);
// Initialize fresh gzip stream for each frame (since Z_FINISH terminates the stream)
z_stream frame_stream;
frame_stream.zalloc = Z_NULL;
frame_stream.zfree = Z_NULL;
frame_stream.opaque = Z_NULL;
int init_result = deflateInit2(&frame_stream, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
Z_DEFLATED, 15 + 16, 8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY); // 15+16 for gzip format
if (init_result != Z_OK) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize gzip compression for frame\n");
return 0;
}
// Set up compression stream
frame_stream.next_in = (Bytef*)enc->block_data;
frame_stream.avail_in = block_data_size;
frame_stream.next_out = (Bytef*)enc->compressed_buffer;
frame_stream.avail_out = block_data_size * 2;
int result = deflate(&frame_stream, Z_FINISH);
if (result != Z_STREAM_END) {
fprintf(stderr, "Gzip compression failed: %d\n", result);
deflateEnd(&frame_stream);
return 0;
}
size_t compressed_size = frame_stream.total_out;
// Clean up frame stream
deflateEnd(&frame_stream);
// Write frame packet header (rate control factor now per-block)
uint8_t packet_type = is_keyframe ? TEV_PACKET_IFRAME : TEV_PACKET_PFRAME;
uint32_t payload_size = compressed_size; // Rate control factor now per-block, not per-packet
fwrite(&packet_type, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&payload_size, 4, 1, output);
fwrite(enc->compressed_buffer, 1, compressed_size, output);
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("perBlockComplexityBasedRateControl=enabled\n");
}
enc->total_output_bytes += 5 + compressed_size; // packet + size + data (rate_factor now per-block)
// No global rate control needed - per-block complexity-based control only
// Swap frame buffers for next frame
uint8_t *temp_rgb = enc->previous_rgb;
enc->previous_rgb = enc->current_rgb;
enc->current_rgb = temp_rgb;
return 1;
}
// Execute command and capture output
static char *execute_command(const char *command) {
FILE *pipe = popen(command, "r");
if (!pipe) return NULL;
char *result = malloc(4096);
if (!result) {
pclose(pipe);
return NULL;
}
size_t len = fread(result, 1, 4095, pipe);
result[len] = '\0';
pclose(pipe);
return result;
}
// Get video metadata using ffprobe
static int get_video_metadata(tev_encoder_t *config) {
char command[1024];
char *output;
// Get all metadata in a single ffprobe call
snprintf(command, sizeof(command),
"ffprobe -v quiet -count_frames "
"-show_entries stream=nb_read_frames,r_frame_rate:format=duration "
"-select_streams v:0 -of csv=p=0 \"%s\" 2>/dev/null; "
"ffprobe -v quiet -select_streams a:0 -show_entries stream=index -of csv=p=0 \"%s\" 2>/dev/null",
config->input_file, config->input_file);
output = execute_command(command);
if (!output) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get video metadata\n");
return 0;
}
// Parse the combined output
char *line = strtok(output, "\n");
int line_num = 0;
while (line && line_num < 2) {
switch (line_num) {
case 0: // Line format: "framerate,framecount" (e.g., "24000/1001,4423")
{
char *comma = strchr(line, ',');
if (comma) {
*comma = '\0'; // Split at comma
// Parse frame rate (first part)
int num, den;
if (sscanf(line, "%d/%d", &num, &den) == 2) {
config->fps = (den > 0) ? (int)round((float)num/(float)den) : 30;
} else {
config->fps = (int)round(atof(line));
}
// Parse frame count (second part)
config->total_frames = atoi(comma + 1);
}
}
break;
case 1: // duration in seconds
config->duration = atof(line);
break;
}
line = strtok(NULL, "\n");
line_num++;
}
// Check for audio stream (will be on line 3 if present)
config->has_audio = (line && strlen(line) > 0 && atoi(line) >= 0);
free(output);
// Validate frame count using duration if needed
if (config->total_frames <= 0 && config->duration > 0) {
config->total_frames = (int)(config->duration * config->fps);
}
fprintf(stderr, "Video metadata:\n");
fprintf(stderr, " Frames: %d\n", config->total_frames);
fprintf(stderr, " FPS: %d\n", config->fps);
fprintf(stderr, " Duration: %.2fs\n", config->duration);
fprintf(stderr, " Audio: %s\n", config->has_audio ? "Yes" : "No");
fprintf(stderr, " Resolution: %dx%d\n", config->width, config->height);
return (config->total_frames > 0 && config->fps > 0);
}
// Start FFmpeg process for video conversion with frame rate support
static int start_video_conversion(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
char command[2048];
// Build FFmpeg command with potential frame rate conversion
if (enc->output_fps > 0 && enc->output_fps != enc->fps) {
// Frame rate conversion requested
snprintf(command, sizeof(command),
"ffmpeg -v quiet -i \"%s\" -f rawvideo -pix_fmt rgb24 "
"-vf \"fps=%d,scale=%d:%d:force_original_aspect_ratio=increase,crop=%d:%d\" "
"-y - 2>&1",
enc->input_file, enc->output_fps, enc->width, enc->height, enc->width, enc->height);
} else {
// No frame rate conversion
snprintf(command, sizeof(command),
"ffmpeg -v quiet -i \"%s\" -f rawvideo -pix_fmt rgb24 "
"-vf \"scale=%d:%d:force_original_aspect_ratio=increase,crop=%d:%d\" "
"-y -",
enc->input_file, enc->width, enc->height, enc->width, enc->height);
}
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("FFmpeg command: %s\n", command);
}
enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe = popen(command, "r");
if (!enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start FFmpeg process\n");
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
// Start audio conversion
static int start_audio_conversion(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
if (!enc->has_audio) return 1;
char command[2048];
snprintf(command, sizeof(command),
"ffmpeg -v quiet -i \"%s\" -acodec libtwolame -psymodel 4 -b:a %dk -ar %d -ac 2 -y \"%s\" 2>/dev/null",
enc->input_file, MP2_RATE_TABLE[enc->qualityIndex], MP2_SAMPLE_RATE, TEMP_AUDIO_FILE);
int result = system(command);
if (result == 0) {
enc->mp2_file = fopen(TEMP_AUDIO_FILE, "rb");
if (enc->mp2_file) {
fseek(enc->mp2_file, 0, SEEK_END);
enc->audio_remaining = ftell(enc->mp2_file);
fseek(enc->mp2_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
}
}
return (result == 0);
}
// Get MP2 packet size and rate index from header
static int get_mp2_packet_size(uint8_t *header) {
int bitrate_index = (header[2] >> 4) & 0x0F;
int bitrates[] = {0, 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320, 384};
if (bitrate_index >= 15) return MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE;
int bitrate = bitrates[bitrate_index];
int padding_bit = (header[2] >> 1) & 0x01;
if (bitrate <= 0) return MP2_DEFAULT_PACKET_SIZE;
int frame_size = (144 * bitrate * 1000) / MP2_SAMPLE_RATE + padding_bit;
return frame_size;
}
static int mp2_packet_size_to_rate_index(int packet_size, int is_mono) {
// Map packet sizes to rate indices for TEV format
const int mp2_frame_sizes[] = {144,216,252,288,360,432,504,576,720,864,1008,1152,1440,1728};
for (int i = 0; i < 14; i++) {
if (packet_size <= mp2_frame_sizes[i]) {
return i;
}
}
return 13; // Default to highest rate
}
// Process audio for current frame
static int process_audio(tev_encoder_t *enc, int frame_num, FILE *output) {
if (!enc->has_audio || !enc->mp2_file || enc->audio_remaining <= 0) {
return 1;
}
// Initialize packet size on first frame
if (enc->mp2_packet_size == 0) {
uint8_t header[4];
if (fread(header, 1, 4, enc->mp2_file) != 4) return 1;
fseek(enc->mp2_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
enc->mp2_packet_size = get_mp2_packet_size(header);
int is_mono = (header[3] >> 6) == 3;
enc->mp2_rate_index = mp2_packet_size_to_rate_index(enc->mp2_packet_size, is_mono);
enc->target_audio_buffer_size = 4; // 4 audio packets in buffer
}
// Calculate how much audio time each frame represents (in seconds)
double frame_audio_time = 1.0 / enc->fps;
// Calculate how much audio time each MP2 packet represents
// MP2 frame contains 1152 samples at 32kHz = 0.036 seconds
double packet_audio_time = 1152.0 / MP2_SAMPLE_RATE;
// Estimate how many packets we consume per video frame
double packets_per_frame = frame_audio_time / packet_audio_time;
// Audio buffering strategy: maintain target buffer level
int packets_to_insert = 0;
if (frame_num == 0) {
// Prime buffer to target level initially
packets_to_insert = enc->target_audio_buffer_size;
enc->audio_frames_in_buffer = 0; // count starts from 0
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Frame %d: Priming audio buffer with %d packets\n", frame_num, packets_to_insert);
}
} else {
// Simulate buffer consumption (fractional consumption per frame)
double old_buffer = enc->audio_frames_in_buffer;
enc->audio_frames_in_buffer -= packets_per_frame;
// Calculate how many packets we need to maintain target buffer level
// Only insert when buffer drops below target, and only insert enough to restore target
double target_level = (double)enc->target_audio_buffer_size;
if (enc->audio_frames_in_buffer < target_level) {
double deficit = target_level - enc->audio_frames_in_buffer;
// Insert packets to cover the deficit, but at least maintain minimum flow
packets_to_insert = (int)ceil(deficit);
// Cap at reasonable maximum to prevent excessive insertion
if (packets_to_insert > enc->target_audio_buffer_size) {
packets_to_insert = enc->target_audio_buffer_size;
}
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Frame %d: Buffer low (%.2f->%.2f), deficit %.2f, inserting %d packets\n",
frame_num, old_buffer, enc->audio_frames_in_buffer, deficit, packets_to_insert);
}
} else if (enc->verbose && old_buffer != enc->audio_frames_in_buffer) {
printf("Frame %d: Buffer sufficient (%.2f->%.2f), no packets\n",
frame_num, old_buffer, enc->audio_frames_in_buffer);
}
}
// Insert the calculated number of audio packets
for (int q = 0; q < packets_to_insert; q++) {
size_t bytes_to_read = enc->mp2_packet_size;
if (bytes_to_read > enc->audio_remaining) {
bytes_to_read = enc->audio_remaining;
}
size_t bytes_read = fread(enc->mp2_buffer, 1, bytes_to_read, enc->mp2_file);
if (bytes_read == 0) break;
// Write TEV MP2 audio packet
uint8_t audio_packet_type = TEV_PACKET_AUDIO_MP2;
uint32_t audio_len = (uint32_t)bytes_read;
fwrite(&audio_packet_type, 1, 1, output);
fwrite(&audio_len, 4, 1, output);
fwrite(enc->mp2_buffer, 1, bytes_read, output);
// Track audio bytes written
enc->total_output_bytes += 1 + 4 + bytes_read;
enc->audio_remaining -= bytes_read;
enc->audio_frames_in_buffer++;
if (frame_num == 0) {
enc->audio_frames_in_buffer = enc->target_audio_buffer_size / 2; // trick the buffer simulator so that it doesn't count the frame 0 priming
}
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Audio packet %d: %zu bytes (buffer: %.2f packets)\n",
q, bytes_read, enc->audio_frames_in_buffer);
}
}
return 1;
}
// Show usage information
static void show_usage(const char *program_name) {
printf("TEV YCoCg-R 4:2:0 Video Encoder with Bitrate Control\n");
printf("Usage: %s [options] -i input.mp4 -o output.mv2\n\n", program_name);
printf("Options:\n");
printf(" -i, --input FILE Input video file\n");
printf(" -o, --output FILE Output video file (use '-' for stdout)\n");
printf(" -s, --subtitles FILE SubRip (.srt) or SAMI (.smi) subtitle file\n");
printf(" -w, --width N Video width (default: %d)\n", DEFAULT_WIDTH);
printf(" -h, --height N Video height (default: %d)\n", DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
printf(" -f, --fps N Output frames per second (enables frame rate conversion)\n");
printf(" -q, --quality N Quality level 0-4 (default: 2, only decides audio rate in bitrate mode and quantiser mode)\n");
printf(" -Q, --quantiser N Quantiser level 0-100 (100: lossless, 0: potato)\n");
// printf(" -b, --bitrate N Target bitrate in kbps (enables bitrate control mode; DON'T USE - NOT WORKING AS INTENDED)\n");
printf(" -v, --verbose Verbose output\n");
printf(" -t, --test Test mode: generate solid colour frames\n");
printf(" --help Show this help\n\n");
// printf("Rate Control Modes:\n");
// printf(" Quality mode (default): Fixed quantisation based on -q parameter\n");
// printf(" Bitrate mode (-b N): Dynamic quantisation targeting N kbps average\n\n");
printf("Audio Rate by Quality:\n");
printf(" ");
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(MP2_RATE_TABLE) / sizeof(int); i++) {
printf("%d: %d kbps\t", i, MP2_RATE_TABLE[i]);
}
printf("\nQuantiser Value by Quality:\n");
printf(" ");
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(QUALITY_Y) / sizeof(int); i++) {
printf("%d: -Q %d \t", i, QUALITY_Y[i]);
}
printf("\n\n");
printf("Features:\n");
printf(" - YCoCg-R 4:2:0 chroma subsampling for 50%% compression improvement\n");
printf(" - 16x16 Y blocks with 8x8 chroma for optimal DCT efficiency\n");
printf(" - Frame rate conversion with FFmpeg temporal filtering\n");
printf(" - Adaptive quality control with complexity-based adjustment\n");
printf("Examples:\n");
printf(" %s -i input.mp4 -o output.mv2 # Use default setting (q=2)\n", program_name);
printf(" %s -i input.avi -f 15 -q 3 -o output.mv2 # 15fps @ q=3\n", program_name);
printf(" %s -i input.mp4 -s input.srt -o output.mv2 # With SubRip subtitles\n", program_name);
printf(" %s -i input.mp4 -s input.smi -o output.mv2 # With SAMI subtitles\n", program_name);
// printf(" %s -i input.mp4 -b 800 -o output.mv2 # 800 kbps bitrate target\n", program_name);
// printf(" %s -i input.avi -f 15 -b 500 -o output.mv2 # 15fps @ 500 kbps\n", program_name);
// printf(" %s --test -b 1000 -o test.mv2 # Test with 1000 kbps target\n", program_name);
}
// Cleanup encoder resources
static void cleanup_encoder(tev_encoder_t *enc) {
if (!enc) return;
if (enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe) pclose(enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe);
if (enc->mp2_file) {
fclose(enc->mp2_file);
unlink(TEMP_AUDIO_FILE); // Remove temporary audio file
}
free(enc->input_file);
free(enc->output_file);
free(enc->subtitle_file);
free_subtitle_list(enc->subtitle_list);
free_encoder(enc);
}
int sync_packet_count = 0;
// Main function
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
generate_random_filename(TEMP_AUDIO_FILE);
printf("Initialising encoder...\n");
tev_encoder_t *enc = init_encoder();
if (!enc) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialise encoder\n");
return 1;
}
int test_mode = 0;
static struct option long_options[] = {
{"input", required_argument, 0, 'i'},
{"output", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
{"subtitles", required_argument, 0, 's'},
{"width", required_argument, 0, 'w'},
{"height", required_argument, 0, 'h'},
{"fps", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
{"quality", required_argument, 0, 'q'},
{"quantiser", required_argument, 0, 'Q'},
{"quantizer", required_argument, 0, 'Q'},
{"bitrate", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
{"verbose", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
{"test", no_argument, 0, 't'},
{"help", no_argument, 0, '?'},
{0, 0, 0, 0}
};
int option_index = 0;
int c;
while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "i:o:s:w:h:f:q:b:Q:vt", long_options, &option_index)) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'i':
enc->input_file = strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'o':
enc->output_file = strdup(optarg);
enc->output_to_stdout = (strcmp(optarg, "-") == 0);
break;
case 's':
enc->subtitle_file = strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'w':
enc->width = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'h':
enc->height = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'f':
enc->output_fps = atoi(optarg);
if (enc->output_fps <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid FPS: %d\n", enc->output_fps);
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
break;
case 'q':
enc->qualityIndex = CLAMP(atoi(optarg), 0, 4);
enc->qualityY = QUALITY_Y[enc->qualityIndex];
enc->qualityCo = QUALITY_CO[enc->qualityIndex];
enc->qualityCg = enc->qualityCo / 2;
break;
case 'b':
enc->target_bitrate_kbps = atoi(optarg);
if (enc->target_bitrate_kbps > 0) {
enc->bitrate_mode = 1; // Enable bitrate control
}
break;
case 'v':
enc->verbose = 1;
break;
case 't':
test_mode = 1;
break;
case 0:
if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "help") == 0) {
show_usage(argv[0]);
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 0;
}
break;
case 'Q':
enc->qualityY = CLAMP(atoi(optarg), 0, 100);
enc->qualityCo = enc->qualityY;
enc->qualityCg = enc->qualityCo / 2;
break;
default:
show_usage(argv[0]);
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
}
if (!test_mode && (!enc->input_file || !enc->output_file)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Input and output files are required (unless using --test mode)\n");
show_usage(argv[0]);
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
if (!enc->output_file) {
fprintf(stderr, "Output file is required\n");
show_usage(argv[0]);
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
// Handle test mode or real video
if (test_mode) {
// Test mode: generate solid colour frames
enc->fps = 1;
enc->total_frames = 15;
enc->has_audio = 0;
printf("Test mode: Generating 15 solid colour frames\n");
} else {
// Get video metadata and start FFmpeg processes
printf("Retrieving video metadata...\n");
if (!get_video_metadata(enc)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get video metadata\n");
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
}
// Load subtitle file if specified
printf("Loading subtitles...\n");
if (enc->subtitle_file) {
int format = detect_subtitle_format(enc->subtitle_file);
const char *format_name = (format == 1) ? "SAMI" : "SubRip";
enc->subtitle_list = parse_subtitle_file(enc->subtitle_file, enc->fps);
if (enc->subtitle_list) {
enc->has_subtitles = 1;
enc->current_subtitle = enc->subtitle_list;
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Loaded %s subtitles from: %s\n", format_name, enc->subtitle_file);
}
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse %s subtitle file: %s\n", format_name, enc->subtitle_file);
// Continue without subtitles
}
}
// Allocate buffers
if (!alloc_encoder_buffers(enc)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate encoder buffers\n");
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
// Start FFmpeg processes (only for real video mode)
if (!test_mode) {
// Start FFmpeg video conversion
if (!start_video_conversion(enc)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start video conversion\n");
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
// Start audio conversion (if audio present)
if (!start_audio_conversion(enc)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Audio conversion failed\n");
enc->has_audio = 0;
}
}
// Open output
FILE *output = enc->output_to_stdout ? stdout : fopen(enc->output_file, "wb");
if (!output) {
perror("Failed to open output file");
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 1;
}
// Write TEV header
write_tev_header(output, enc);
gettimeofday(&enc->start_time, NULL);
printf("Encoding video with YCoCg-R 4:2:0 format...\n");
if (enc->output_fps > 0) {
printf("Frame rate conversion enabled: %d fps output\n", enc->output_fps);
}
if (enc->bitrate_mode > 0) {
printf("Bitrate control enabled: targeting %d kbps\n", enc->target_bitrate_kbps);
} else {
printf("Quality mode: q=%d\n", enc->qualityIndex);
printf("Quantiser levels: %d, %d, %d\n", enc->qualityY, enc->qualityCo, enc->qualityCg);
}
// Process frames
int frame_count = 0;
while (frame_count < enc->total_frames) {
if (test_mode) {
// Generate test frame with solid colours
size_t rgb_size = enc->width * enc->height * 3;
uint8_t test_r = 0, test_g = 0, test_b = 0;
const char* colour_name = "unknown";
switch (frame_count) {
case 0: test_r = 0; test_g = 0; test_b = 0; colour_name = "black"; break;
case 1: test_r = 127; test_g = 127; test_b = 127; colour_name = "grey"; break;
case 2: test_r = 255; test_g = 255; test_b = 255; colour_name = "white"; break;
case 3: test_r = 127; test_g = 0; test_b = 0; colour_name = "half red"; break;
case 4: test_r = 127; test_g = 127; test_b = 0; colour_name = "half yellow"; break;
case 5: test_r = 0; test_g = 127; test_b = 0; colour_name = "half green"; break;
case 6: test_r = 0; test_g = 127; test_b = 127; colour_name = "half cyan"; break;
case 7: test_r = 0; test_g = 0; test_b = 127; colour_name = "half blue"; break;
case 8: test_r = 127; test_g = 0; test_b = 127; colour_name = "half magenta"; break;
case 9: test_r = 255; test_g = 0; test_b = 0; colour_name = "red"; break;
case 10: test_r = 255; test_g = 255; test_b = 0; colour_name = "yellow"; break;
case 11: test_r = 0; test_g = 255; test_b = 0; colour_name = "green"; break;
case 12: test_r = 0; test_g = 255; test_b = 255; colour_name = "cyan"; break;
case 13: test_r = 0; test_g = 0; test_b = 255; colour_name = "blue"; break;
case 14: test_r = 255; test_g = 0; test_b = 255; colour_name = "magenta"; break;
}
// Fill entire frame with solid colour
for (size_t i = 0; i < rgb_size; i += 3) {
enc->current_rgb[i] = test_r;
enc->current_rgb[i + 1] = test_g;
enc->current_rgb[i + 2] = test_b;
}
printf("Frame %d: %s (%d,%d,%d)\n", frame_count, colour_name, test_r, test_g, test_b);
// Test YCoCg-R conversion
int y_test, co_test, cg_test;
rgb_to_ycocgr(test_r, test_g, test_b, &y_test, &co_test, &cg_test);
printf(" YCoCg-R: Y=%d Co=%d Cg=%d\n", y_test, co_test, cg_test);
// Test reverse conversion
uint8_t r_rev, g_rev, b_rev;
ycocgr_to_rgb(y_test, co_test, cg_test, &r_rev, &g_rev, &b_rev);
printf(" Reverse: R=%d G=%d B=%d\n", r_rev, g_rev, b_rev);
} else {
// Read RGB data directly from FFmpeg pipe
size_t rgb_size = enc->width * enc->height * 3;
size_t bytes_read = fread(enc->current_rgb, 1, rgb_size, enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe);
if (bytes_read != rgb_size) {
if (enc->verbose) {
printf("Frame %d: Expected %zu bytes, got %zu bytes\n", frame_count, rgb_size, bytes_read);
if (feof(enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe)) {
printf("FFmpeg pipe reached end of file\n");
}
if (ferror(enc->ffmpeg_video_pipe)) {
printf("FFmpeg pipe error occurred\n");
}
}
break; // End of video or error
}
}
// Process audio for this frame
process_audio(enc, frame_count, output);
// Process subtitles for this frame
process_subtitles(enc, frame_count, output);
// Encode frame
if (!encode_frame(enc, output, frame_count)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to encode frame %d\n", frame_count);
break;
}
else {
// Write a sync packet only after a video is been coded
uint8_t sync_packet = TEV_PACKET_SYNC;
fwrite(&sync_packet, 1, 1, output);
sync_packet_count++;
}
frame_count++;
if (enc->verbose || frame_count % 30 == 0) {
struct timeval now;
gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
double elapsed = (now.tv_sec - enc->start_time.tv_sec) +
(now.tv_usec - enc->start_time.tv_usec) / 1000000.0;
double fps = frame_count / elapsed;
printf("Encoded frame %d/%d (%.1f fps)\n", frame_count, enc->total_frames, fps);
}
}
// Write final sync packet
uint8_t sync_packet = TEV_PACKET_SYNC;
fwrite(&sync_packet, 1, 1, output);
sync_packet_count++;
if (!enc->output_to_stdout) {
fclose(output);
}
// Final statistics
struct timeval end_time;
gettimeofday(&end_time, NULL);
double total_time = (end_time.tv_sec - enc->start_time.tv_sec) +
(end_time.tv_usec - enc->start_time.tv_usec) / 1000000.0;
printf("\nEncoding complete!\n");
printf(" Frames encoded: %d\n", frame_count);
printf(" - sync packets: %d\n", sync_packet_count);
printf(" Framerate: %d\n", enc->fps);
printf(" Output size: %zu bytes\n", enc->total_output_bytes);
// Calculate achieved bitrate
double achieved_bitrate_kbps = (enc->total_output_bytes * 8.0) / 1000.0 / total_time;
printf(" Achieved bitrate: %.1f kbps", achieved_bitrate_kbps);
if (enc->bitrate_mode > 0) {
printf(" (target: %d kbps, %.1f%%)", enc->target_bitrate_kbps,
(achieved_bitrate_kbps / enc->target_bitrate_kbps) * 100.0);
}
printf("\n");
printf(" Encoding time: %.2fs (%.1f fps)\n", total_time, frame_count / total_time);
printf(" Block statistics: INTRA=%d, INTER=%d, MOTION=%d, SKIP=%d\n",
enc->blocks_intra, enc->blocks_inter, enc->blocks_motion, enc->blocks_skip);
if (enc->bitrate_mode > 0) {
printf(" Per-block complexity-based rate control: enabled\n");
}
cleanup_encoder(enc);
return 0;
}
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